Ultrasonic surgical blade

ABSTRACT

An ultrasonic instrument comprises an ultrasonic transducer, an acoustic waveguide, and an ultrasonic blade. The blade includes a pair of obliquely extending edges. The obliquely extending edges diverge away from the longitudinal axis of the waveguide and away from each other along respective paths extending distally in relation to the waveguide. A distal portion of the blade is wider than a proximal portion of the blade along a plane. The blade further includes a curved distal edge and several laterally presented surfaces. The laterally presented surfaces may provide combinations of concave and convex curvatures. The laterally presented surfaces may be angled and/or curved along one or more orthogonal planes associated with the longitudinal axis of the waveguide.

PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/801,777, entitled “Ultrasonic Surgical Blade” filed Nov. 2, 2017,issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,959,748 on Mar. 30, 2021, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/090,269, entitled“Ultrasonic Surgical Blade,” filed Nov. 26, 2013, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 9,848,900 on Dec. 26, 2017, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Patent App. No. 61/734,636, entitled “Ultrasonic SurgicalBlade,” filed Dec. 7, 2012, the disclosures of which is incorporated byreference herein.

BACKGROUND

A variety of surgical instruments include an end effector having a bladeelement that vibrates at ultrasonic frequencies to cut and/or sealtissue (e.g., by denaturing proteins in tissue cells). These instrumentsinclude one or more piezoelectric elements that convert electrical powerinto ultrasonic vibrations, which are communicated along an acousticwaveguide to the blade element. The precision of cutting and coagulationmay be controlled by the operator's technique and adjusting the powerlevel, blade edge angle, tissue traction, and blade pressure.

Examples of ultrasonic surgical instruments include the HARMONIC ACE®Ultrasonic Shears, the HARMONIC WAVE® Ultrasonic Shears, the HARMONICFOCUS® Ultrasonic Shears, and the HARMONIC SYNERGY® Ultrasonic Blades,all by Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. of Cincinnati, Ohio. Further examplesof such devices and related concepts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.5,322,055, entitled “Clamp Coagulator/Cutting System for UltrasonicSurgical Instruments,” issued Jun. 21, 1994, the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference herein; U.S. Pat. No. 5,873,873, entitled“Ultrasonic Clamp Coagulator Apparatus Having Improved Clamp Mechanism,”issued Feb. 23, 1999, the disclosure of which is incorporated byreference herein; U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,510, entitled “Ultrasonic ClampCoagulator Apparatus Having Improved Clamp Arm Pivot Mount,” issued Nov.9, 1999, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein;U.S. Pat. No. 6,283,981, entitled “Method of Balancing AsymmetricUltrasonic Surgical Blades,” issued Sep. 4, 2001, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein; U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,400,entitled “Curved Ultrasonic Blade having a Trapezoidal Cross Section,”issued Oct. 30, 2001, the disclosure of which is incorporated byreference herein; U.S. Pat. No. 6,325,811, entitled “Blades withFunctional Balance Asymmetries for use with Ultrasonic SurgicalInstruments,” issued Dec. 4, 2001, the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference herein; U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,082, entitled“Ultrasonic Surgical Blade with Improved Cutting and CoagulationFeatures,” issued Jul. 23, 2002, the disclosure of which is incorporatedby reference herein; U.S. Pat. No. 6,773,444, entitled “Blades withFunctional Balance Asymmetries for Use with Ultrasonic SurgicalInstruments,” issued Aug. 10, 2004, the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference herein; U.S. Pat. No. 6,783,524, entitled“Robotic Surgical Tool with Ultrasound Cauterizing and CuttingInstrument,” issued Aug. 31, 2004, the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference herein; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,057,498, entitled“Ultrasonic Surgical Instrument Blades,” issued Nov. 15, 2011, thedisclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

Still further examples of ultrasonic surgical instruments are disclosedin U.S. Pub. No. 2006/0079874, entitled “Tissue Pad for Use with anUltrasonic Surgical Instrument,” published Apr. 13, 2006, now abandoned,the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein; U.S. Pub.No. 2007/0191713, entitled “Ultrasonic Device for Cutting andCoagulating,” published Aug. 16, 2007, now abandoned, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein; U.S. Pub. No. 2007/0282333,entitled “Ultrasonic Waveguide and Blade,” published Dec. 6, 2007, nowabandoned, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein;U.S. Pub. No. 2008/0200940, entitled “Ultrasonic Device for Cutting andCoagulating,” published Aug. 21, 2008, now abandoned, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein; U.S. Pub. No. 2008/0234710,entitled “Ultrasonic Surgical Instruments,” published Sep. 25, 2008,issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,911,460 on Dec. 16, 2014, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein; U.S. Pub. No. 2009/0105750,entitled “Ergonomic Surgical Instruments,” published Apr. 23, 2009,issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,623,027 on Jan. 7, 2014, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein; U.S. Pub. No. 2010/0069940,entitled “Ultrasonic Device for Fingertip Control,” published Mar. 18,2010, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,071 on May 5, 2015, the disclosureof which is incorporated by reference herein; and U.S. Pub. No.2011/0015660, entitled “Rotating Transducer Mount for UltrasonicSurgical Instruments,” published Jan. 20, 2011, issued as U.S. Pat. No.8,461,744 on Jun. 11, 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporated byreference herein; and U.S. Pub. No. 2012/0029546, entitled “UltrasonicSurgical Instrument Blades,” published Feb. 2, 2012, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 8,591,536 on Nov. 26, 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporatedby reference herein.

Some ultrasonic surgical instruments may include a cordless transducersuch as that disclosed in U.S. Pub. No. 2012/0112687, entitled “RechargeSystem for Medical Devices,” published May 10, 2012, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 9,381,058 on Jul. 5, 2016, the disclosure of which is incorporatedby reference herein; U.S. Pub. No. 2012/0116265, entitled “SurgicalInstrument with Charging Devices,” published May 10, 2012, nowabandoned, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein;and/or U.S. Pat. App. No. 61/410,603, filed Nov. 5, 2010, entitled“Energy-Based Surgical Instruments,” the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference herein.

Additionally, some ultrasonic surgical instruments may include anarticulating shaft section. Examples of such ultrasonic surgicalinstruments are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/538,588, filed Jun. 29, 2012, entitled “Surgical Instruments withArticulating Shafts,” issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,393,037 on Jul. 19,2016, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein; andU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/657,553, filed Oct. 22, 2012,entitled “Flexible Harmonic Waveguides/Blades for Surgical Instruments,”issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,095,367 on Aug. 4, 2015, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein.

The shape of an ultrasonic blade used in an ultrasonic surgicalinstrument may influence or define at least four aspects of theinstrument. These aspects may include the visibility of the blade andits relative position in the surgical field; the ability of the blade toaccess or approach targeted tissue; the manner in which ultrasonicenergy is coupled to tissue for cutting and coagulation; and the mannerin which tissue can be manipulated with the ultrasonically inactiveblade. It may be desirable to provide an ultrasonic blade that tends tooptimize at least these four aspects of the instrument.

Some conventional ultrasonic blades may be optimized for use on softtissues. When some such ultrasonic blades encounter a continuum oftissue that ranges from relatively soft tissue (e.g., viscera, etc.) torelatively tough tissue (e.g., cartilage, etc.), the ultrasonic blademay preferentially cut the soft tissues. When the ultrasonic bladeencounters relatively tough or hard tissue, the ultrasonic may tend todeflect away from the relatively tough or hard tissue, continuing alongthe path of least resistance through the relatively soft tissue. Whilesuch performance may be preferred for dissecting between planes oftissue, such performance may make it difficult to use ultrasonic bladeto intentionally cut through relatively tough or hard tissue (e.g.,cartilage, etc.).

In some surgical settings, a surgeon may use a Cobb elevator instrumentin conjunction with a bovie monopolar electrocautery device to exposethe dorsal spine of a patient. In particular, the surgeon may use theCobb elevator to provide a combination of blunt and sharp dissection,prying and scraping to expose and clean the surface of the bone of allsoft tissue. The surgeon may use the bovie device to control hemostasisand cut/burn through tougher tissues such as tendon attachments to bone.In some such procedures, a goal may be to provide a clean bone surface,in order to facilitate hardware placement (e.g., rods, screws, etc.)and/or fusion of selected bones.

While several surgical instruments and systems have been made and used,it is believed that no one prior to the inventors has made or used theinvention described in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

While the specification concludes with claims which particularly pointout and distinctly claim this technology, it is believed this technologywill be better understood from the following description of certainexamples taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in whichlike reference numerals identify the same elements and in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a block schematic view of an exemplary ultrasonicsurgical system;

FIG. 2 depicts a perspective view of an exemplary ultrasonic surgicalinstrument that may form part of the system of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 3 depicts an exploded view of the instrument of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 4 depicts a top perspective view of an exemplary alternativeultrasonic blade and waveguide suitable for incorporation in theinstrument of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 5 depicts a bottom perspective view of the blade and waveguide ofFIG. 4 ;

FIG. 6 depicts a top perspective view of the blade of FIG. 4 :

FIG. 7 depicts a bottom perspective view of the blade of FIG. 4 ;

FIG. 8 depicts a top plan view of the blade of FIG. 4 ;

FIG. 9 depicts a bottom plan view of the blade of FIG. 4 ;

FIG. 10 depicts a front end view of the blade of FIG. 4 ;

FIG. 11 depicts a side elevational view of the blade of FIG. 4 ;

FIG. 12 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 4 , takenalong line 12-12 of FIG. 8 ;

FIG. 13 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 4 , takenalong line 13-13 of FIG. 8 ;

FIG. 14 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 4 , takenalong line 14-14 of FIG. 8 ;

FIG. 15 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 4 , takenalong line 15-15 of FIG. 8 ;

FIG. 16 depicts a top plan view of the blade of FIG. 4 , with a Cobbelevator instrument blank profile shown in phantom;

FIG. 17 depicts a side elevational view of the of FIG. 4 , with a Cobbelevator instrument blank profile shown in phantom;

FIG. 18 depicts a top perspective view of another exemplary alternativeultrasonic blade suitable for incorporation in the instrument of FIG. 2;

FIG. 19 depicts a bottom perspective view of the blade of FIG. 18 ;

FIG. 20 depicts a top plan view of the blade of FIG. 18 ;

FIG. 21 depicts a bottom plan view of the blade of FIG. 18 ;

FIG. 22 depicts a front end view of the blade of FIG. 18 ;

FIG. 23 depicts a side elevational view of the blade of FIG. 18 ;

FIG. 24 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 18 , takenalong line 24-24 of FIG. 20 ;

FIG. 25 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 18 , takenalong line 25-25 of FIG. 20 ;

FIG. 26 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 18 , takenalong line 26-26 of FIG. 20 ;

FIG. 27 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 18 , takenalong line 27-27 of FIG. 20 ;

FIG. 28 depicts a top perspective view of another exemplary alternativeultrasonic blade suitable for incorporation in the instrument of FIG. 2;

FIG. 29 depicts a bottom perspective view of the blade of FIG. 28 ;

FIG. 30 depicts a top plan view of the blade of FIG. 28 ;

FIG. 31 depicts a bottom plan view of the blade of FIG. 28 ;

FIG. 32 depicts a front end view of the blade of FIG. 28 ;

FIG. 33 depicts a side elevational view of the blade of FIG. 28 ;

FIG. 34 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 28 , takenalong line 34-34 of FIG. 30 ;

FIG. 35 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 28 , takenalong line 35-35 of FIG. 30 ;

FIG. 36 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 28 , takenalong line 36-36 of FIG. 30 ;

FIG. 37 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 28 , takenalong line 37-37 of FIG. 30 ;

FIG. 38 depicts a top perspective view of another exemplary alternativeultrasonic blade suitable for incorporation in the instrument of FIG. 2;

FIG. 39 depicts a bottom perspective view of the blade of FIG. 38 ;

FIG. 40 depicts a top plan view of the blade of FIG. 38 ;

FIG. 41 depicts a bottom plan view of the blade of FIG. 38 ;

FIG. 42 depicts a front end view of the blade of FIG. 38 ;

FIG. 43 depicts a side elevational view of the blade of FIG. 38 ;

FIG. 44 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 38 , takenalong line 44-44 of FIG. 40 ;

FIG. 45 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 38 , takenalong line 45-45 of FIG. 40 ;

FIG. 46 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 38 , takenalong line 46-46 of FIG. 40 ;

FIG. 47 depicts a top perspective view of another exemplary alternativeultrasonic blade suitable for incorporation in the instrument of FIG. 2;

FIG. 48 depicts a bottom perspective view of the blade of FIG. 47 ;

FIG. 49 depicts a top plan view of the blade of FIG. 47 ;

FIG. 50 depicts a bottom plan view of the blade of FIG. 47 ;

FIG. 51 depicts a front end view of the blade of FIG. 47 :

FIG. 52 depicts a side elevational view of the blade of FIG. 47 ;

FIG. 53 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 47 , takenalong line 53-53 of FIG. 49 ;

FIG. 54 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 47 , takenalong line 54-54 of FIG. 49 ;

FIG. 55 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 47 , takenalong line 55-55 of FIG. 49 ;

FIG. 56 depicts a top plan view of another exemplary alternativeultrasonic blade suitable for incorporation in the instrument of FIG. 2;

FIG. 57 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 56 , takenalong line 57-57 of FIG. 56 ; and

FIG. 58 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blade of FIG. 56 , takenalong line 58-58 of FIG. 56 .

The drawings are not intended to be limiting in any way, and it iscontemplated that various embodiments of the technology may be carriedout in a variety of other ways, including those not necessarily depictedin the drawings. The accompanying drawings incorporated in and forming apart of the specification illustrate several aspects of the presenttechnology, and together with the description serve to explain theprinciples of the technology; it being understood, however, that thistechnology is not limited to the precise arrangements shown.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description of certain examples of the technology shouldnot be used to limit its scope. Other examples, features, aspects,embodiments, and advantages of the technology will become apparent tothose skilled in the art from the following description, which is by wayof illustration, one of the best modes contemplated for carrying out thetechnology. As will be realized, the technology described herein iscapable of other different and obvious aspects, all without departingfrom the technology. Accordingly, the drawings and descriptions shouldbe regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive.

It is further understood that any one or more of the teachings,expressions, embodiments, examples, etc. described herein may becombined with any one or more of the other teachings, expressions,embodiments, examples, etc. that are described herein. Thefollowing-described teachings, expressions, embodiments, examples, etc.should therefore not be viewed in isolation relative to each other.Various suitable ways in which the teachings herein may be combined willbe readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of theteachings herein. Such modifications and variations are intended to beincluded within the scope of the claims.

For clarity of disclosure, the terms “proximal” and “distal” are definedherein relative to an operator or other operator grasping a surgicalinstrument having a distal surgical end effector. The term “proximal”refers the position of an element closer to the operator or otheroperator and the term “distal” refers to the position of an elementcloser to the surgical end effector of the surgical instrument andfurther away from the operator or other operator.

I. OVERVIEW OF EXEMPLARY ULTRASONIC SURGICAL SYSTEM

FIG. 1 shows components of an exemplary surgical system (10) indiagrammatic block form. As shown, system (10) comprises an ultrasonicgenerator (12) and an ultrasonic surgical instrument (20). As will bedescribed in greater detail below, instrument (20) is operable to cuttissue and seal or weld tissue (e.g., a blood vessel, etc.)substantially simultaneously, using ultrasonic vibrational energy.Generator (12) and instrument (20) are coupled together via cable (14).Cable (14) may comprise a plurality of wires; and may provideunidirectional electrical communication from generator (12) toinstrument (20) and/or bidirectional electrical communication betweengenerator (12) and instrument (20). By way of example only, cable (14)may comprise a “hot” wire for electrical power to surgical instrument(20), a ground wire, and a signal wire for transmitting signals fromsurgical instrument (20) to ultrasonic generator (12), with a shieldsurrounding the three wires. In some versions, separate “hot” wires areused for separate activation voltages (e.g., one “hot” wire for a firstactivation voltage and another “hot” wire for a second activationvoltage, or a variable voltage between the wires proportional to thepower requested, etc.). Of course, any other suitable number orconfiguration of wires may be used. It should also be understood thatsome versions of system (10) may incorporate generator (12) intoinstrument (20), such that cable (14) may simply be omitted.

By way of example only, generator (12) may comprise the GEN04 or GEN 300sold by Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. of Cincinnati, Ohio. In addition orin the alternative, generator (16) may be constructed in accordance withat least some of the teachings of U.S. Pub. No. 2011/0087212, entitled“Surgical Generator for Ultrasonic and Electrosurgical Devices,”published Apr. 14, 2011, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,986,302 on Mar. 24,2015, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.Alternatively, any other suitable generator (12) may be used. As will bedescribed in greater detail below, generator (12) is operable to providepower to instrument (20) to perform ultrasonic surgical procedures.

Instrument (20) comprises a handpiece (22), which is configured to begrasped in one hand (or two hands) of an operator and manipulated by onehand (or two hands) of the operator during a surgical procedure. Forinstance, in some versions, handpiece (22) may be grasped like a pencilby the operator. In some other versions, handpiece (22) may include ascissor grip that may be grasped like scissors by the operator. In someother versions, handpiece (22) may include a pistol grip that may begrasped like a pistol by the operator. Of course, handpiece (22) may beconfigured to be gripped in any other suitable fashion. Furthermore,some versions of instrument (20) may substitute handpiece (22) with abody that is coupled to a robotic surgical system that is configured tooperate instrument (e.g., via remote control, etc.). In the presentexample, a blade (24) extends distally from the handpiece (22).Handpiece (22) includes an ultrasonic transducer (26) and an ultrasonicwaveguide (28), which couples ultrasonic transducer (26) with blade(24). Ultrasonic transducer (26) receives electrical power fromgenerator (12) via cable (14). By virtue of its piezoelectricproperties, ultrasonic transducer (26) is operable to convert suchelectrical power into ultrasonic vibrational energy.

Ultrasonic waveguide (28) may be flexible, semi-flexible, rigid, or haveany other suitable properties. As noted above, ultrasonic transducer(26) is integrally coupled with blade (24) via ultrasonic waveguide(28). In particular, when ultrasonic transducer (26) is activated tovibrate at ultrasonic frequencies, such vibrations are communicatedthrough ultrasonic waveguide (28) to blade (24), such that blade (24)will also vibrate at ultrasonic frequencies. When blade (24) is in anactivated state (i.e., vibrating ultrasonically), blade (24) is operableto effectively cut through tissue and seal tissue. Ultrasonic transducer(26), ultrasonic waveguide (28), and blade (24) together thus form anacoustic assembly providing ultrasonic energy for surgical procedureswhen powered by generator (12). Handpiece (22) is configured tosubstantially isolate the operator from the vibrations of the acousticassembly formed by transducer (26), ultrasonic waveguide (28), and blade(24).

In some versions, ultrasonic waveguide (28) may amplify the mechanicalvibrations transmitted through ultrasonic waveguide (28) to blade (24).Ultrasonic waveguide (28) may further have features to control the gainof the longitudinal vibration along ultrasonic waveguide (28) and/orfeatures to tune ultrasonic waveguide (28) to the resonant frequency ofsystem (10). For instance, ultrasonic waveguide (28) may have anysuitable cross-sectional dimensions/configurations, such as asubstantially uniform cross-section, be tapered at various sections, betapered along its entire length, or have any other suitableconfiguration. Ultrasonic waveguide (28) may, for example, have a lengthsubstantially equal to an integral number of one-half system wavelengths(nλ/2). Ultrasonic waveguide (28) and blade (24) may be fabricated froma solid core shaft constructed out of a material or combination ofmaterials that propagates ultrasonic energy efficiently, such astitanium alloy (i.e., Ti-6Al-4V), aluminum alloys, sapphire, stainlesssteel, or any other acoustically compatible material or combination ofmaterials.

In the present example, the distal end of blade (24) is located at aposition corresponding to an anti-node associated with resonantultrasonic vibrations communicated through waveguide (28), in order totune the acoustic assembly to a preferred resonant frequency f_(o) whenthe acoustic assembly is not loaded by tissue. When transducer (26) isenergized, the distal end of blade (24) is configured to movelongitudinally in the range of, for example, approximately 10 to 500microns peak-to-peak, and in some instances in the range of about 20 toabout 200 microns at a predetermined vibratory frequency f_(o) of, forexample, 55.5 kHz. When transducer (26) of the present example isactivated, these mechanical oscillations are transmitted throughwaveguide (28) to reach blade (24), thereby providing oscillation ofblade (24) at the resonant ultrasonic frequency. Thus, the ultrasonicoscillation of blade (24) may simultaneously sever the tissue anddenature the proteins in adjacent tissue cells, thereby providing acoagulative effect with relatively little thermal spread. In someversions, an electrical current may also be provided through blade (24)to also cauterize the tissue.

By way of example only, ultrasonic waveguide (28) and blade (24) maycomprise components sold under product codes HF105 and DH105 by EthiconEndo-Surgery, Inc. of Cincinnati, Ohio. By way of further example only,ultrasonic waveguide (28) and/or blade (24) may be constructed andoperable in accordance with the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,082,entitled “Ultrasonic Surgical Blade with Improved Cutting andCoagulation Features,” issued Jul. 23, 2002, the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference herein. As another merely illustrativeexample, ultrasonic waveguide (28) and/or blade (24) may be constructedand operable in accordance with the teachings of U.S. Pat. No.5,324,299, entitled “Ultrasonic Scalpel Blade and Methods ofApplication.” issued Jun. 28, 1994, the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference herein. Other suitable properties andconfigurations of ultrasonic waveguide (28) and blade (24) will beapparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachingsherein.

Handpiece (22) of the present example also includes a control selector(30) and an activation switch (32), which are each in communication witha circuit board (34). By way of example only, circuit board (34) maycomprise a conventional printed circuit board, a flex circuit, arigid-flex circuit, or may have any other suitable configuration.Control selector (30) and activation switch (32) may be in communicationwith circuit board (34) via one or more wires, traces formed in acircuit board or flex circuit, and/or in any other suitable fashion.Circuit board (34) is coupled with cable (14), which is in turn coupledwith control circuitry (16) within generator (12). Activation switch(32) is operable to selectively activate power to ultrasonic transducer(26). In particular, when switch (32) is activated, such activationprovides communication of appropriate power to ultrasonic transducer(26) via cable (14). By way of example only, activation switch (32) maybe constructed in accordance with any of the teachings of the variousreferences cited herein. Other various forms that activation switch (32)may take will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in viewof the teachings herein.

In the present example, surgical system (10) is operable to provide atleast two different levels or types of ultrasonic energy (e.g.,different frequencies and/or amplitudes, etc.) at blade (24). To thatend, control selector (30) is operable to permit the operator to selecta desired level/amplitude of ultrasonic energy. By way of example only,control selector (30) may be constructed in accordance with any of theteachings of the various references cited herein. Other various formsthat control selector (30) may take will be apparent to those ofordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein. In someversions, when an operator makes a selection through control selector(30), the operator's selection is communicated back to control circuitry(16) of generator (12) via cable (14), and control circuitry (16)adjusts the power communicated from generator (12) accordingly the nexttime the operator actuates activation switch (32).

It should be understood that the level/amplitude of ultrasonic energyprovided at blade (24) may be a function of characteristics of theelectrical power communicated from generator (12) to instrument (20) viacable (14). Thus, control circuitry (16) of generator (12) may provideelectrical power (via cable (14)) having characteristics associated withthe ultrasonic energy level/amplitude or type selected through controlselector (30). Generator (12) may thus be operable to communicatedifferent types or degrees of electrical power to ultrasonic transducer(26), in accordance with selections made by the operator via controlselector (30). In particular, and by way of example only, generator (12)may increase the voltage and/or current of the applied signal toincrease the longitudinal amplitude of the acoustic assembly. As amerely illustrative example, generator (12) may provide selectabilitybetween a “level 1” and a “level 5,” which may correspond with a blade(24) vibrational resonance amplitude of approximately 50 microns andapproximately 90 microns, respectively. Various ways in which controlcircuitry (16) may be configured will be apparent to those of ordinaryskill in the art in view of the teachings herein. It should also beunderstood that control selector (30) and activation switch (32) may besubstituted with two or more activation switches (32). In some suchversions, one activation switch (32) is operable to activate blade (24)at one power level/type while another activation switch (32) is operableto activate blade (24) at another power level/type, etc.

In some alternative versions, control circuitry (16) is located withinhandpiece (22). For instance, in some such versions, generator (12) onlycommunicates one type of electrical power (e.g., just one voltage and/orcurrent available) to handpiece (22), and control circuitry (16) withinhandpiece (22) is operable to modify the electrical power (e.g., thevoltage of the electrical power), in accordance with selections made bythe operator via control selector (30), before the electrical powerreaches ultrasonic transducer (26). Furthermore, generator (12) may beincorporated into handpiece (22) along with all other components ofsurgical system (10). For instance, one or more batteries (not shown) orother portable sources of power may be provided in handpiece (22). Stillother suitable ways in which the components depicted in FIG. 1 may berearranged or otherwise configured or modified will be apparent to thoseof ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.

II. OVERVIEW OF EXEMPLARY ULTRASONIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT

The following discussion relates to various exemplary components andconfigurations for instrument (20) and components thereof. It should beunderstood that the various examples of instrument (20) described belowmay be readily incorporated into a surgical system (10) as describedabove. It should also be understood that the various components andoperability of instrument (20) described above may be readilyincorporated into the exemplary versions of instrument (20) describedbelow. Various suitable ways in which the above and below teachings maybe combined will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art inview of the teachings herein. It should also be understood that thebelow teachings may be readily combined with the various teachings ofthe references that are cited herein.

FIGS. 2-3 depict an exemplary ultrasonic surgical instrument (120),which is part of an ultrasonic surgical system (100) that includes anultrasonic transducer (126) coupled with an ultrasonic generator (112)via a cable (114). Instrument (120) also includes an ultrasonictransmission assembly (127), which is mechanically and acousticallycoupled with ultrasonic transducer (126). In some versions, ultrasonictransmission assembly (127) is coupled with ultrasonic transducer (126)by a threaded connection, though any other suitable type of coupling maybe used. Ultrasonic transmission assembly (127) comprises an ultrasonicwaveguide (128) and blade (130). As will be apparent to those ofordinary skill in the art, when ultrasonic transducer (126) is poweredby generator (112), ultrasonic transducer (126) produces ultrasonicvibrations, which are communicated to blade (130) via ultrasonicwaveguide (128). This causes tip (132) of blade (130) to vibrate at anultrasonic frequency, allowing blade (130) to be used to cut andcoagulate tissue, etc. Thus, generator (112), transducer (126),waveguide (128), and blade (130) operate just like generator (12),transducer (26), waveguide (28), and blade (24) described above.

Instrument (120) of the present example further comprises a multi-piecehandle assembly (140) that is configured to substantially isolate theoperator from the vibrations of the piezoelectric assembly containedwithin transducer (126). By way of example only, handle assembly (140)may be shaped to be grasped and manipulated in a pencil-likearrangement. Handle assembly (140) of the present example comprisesmating housing portions (142) and (144). While a multi-piece handleassembly (140) is illustrated, handle assembly (140) may alternativelycomprise a single or unitary component. Handle assembly (140) may beconstructed from a durable plastic, such as polycarbonate or a liquidcrystal polymer. It is also contemplated that handle assembly (140) mayalternatively be made from a variety of materials or combinations ofmaterials, including but not limited to other plastics, ceramics, and/ormetals, etc. In some versions, the proximal end of instrument (120)receives and is fitted with ultrasonic transducer (126) by insertion ofultrasonic transducer (126) into handle assembly (140). Instrument (120)may be attached to and removed from ultrasonic transducer (126) as aunit. The elongated transmission assembly (127) of the instrument (120)extends orthogonally from instrument handle assembly (140).

Ultrasonic waveguide (128), which is configured to transmit ultrasonicenergy from transducer (126) to the tip (132) of blade (130), may beflexible, semi-flexible or rigid. Ultrasonic waveguide (128) may also beconfigured to amplify the mechanical vibrations transmitted throughultrasonic waveguide (128) to blade (130). Ultrasonic waveguide (128)may further include at least one radial aperture (150) extendingtherethrough, substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis ofultrasonic waveguide (128). Aperture (150) is located at a longitudinalposition corresponding to a node associated with ultrasonic vibrationscommunicated along waveguide (128). Aperture (150) is configured toreceive a connector pin (152), discussed below, which connectsultrasonic waveguide (128) to an outer sheath (154). Proximal o-ring(156) and distal o-ring (158) are assembled onto transmission assembly(127) near longitudinal positions corresponding to nodes associated withultrasonic vibrations communicated along waveguide (128) in the presentexample, though various other components or configurations may be used.

Blade (130) may be integral with ultrasonic waveguide (128) and formedas a single unit. In some versions, blade (130) may be connected by athreaded connection, a welded joint, and/or some other couplingfeature(s). The distal end of blade (130), or blade tip (132), isdisposed at or near a longitudinal position corresponding to ananti-node associated with ultrasonic vibrations communicated alongwaveguide (128) and blade (130) in order to tune the acoustic assemblyto a preferred resonant frequency f_(o) when the acoustic assembly isnot loaded by tissue. When ultrasonic transducer (126) is energized,blade tip (132) is configured to move substantially longitudinally(along the x axis) in the range of, for example, approximately 10 to 500microns peak-to-peak, and perhaps in the range of about 20 to about 200microns, at a predetermined vibrational frequency f_(o) of, for example,55,500 Hz. Blade tip (132) may also vibrate in the y-axis at about 1 toabout 10 percent of the motion in the x-axis. Of course, movement ofblade tip (132) may alternatively have any other suitablecharacteristics.

Ultrasonic waveguide (128) is positioned within outer sheath (154) andheld in place via pin (152). Pin (152) may be made of any compatiblemetal, such as stainless steel or titanium or a durable plastic, such aspolycarbonate or a liquid crystal polymer. Alternatively, any othersuitable material or combination of materials may be used. In someversions, pin (152) is partially coated with an elastomeric material,such as silicon, etc., for that portion (153) of pin (152) that extendsthrough ultrasonic waveguide (128). Elastomeric material may provideinsulation from the vibrating blade throughout the length of hole (152).In some settings, this may enable high efficiency operation wherebyminimal overheating is generated and maximum ultrasonic output power isavailable at blade tip (132) for cutting and coagulation, etc. Ofcourse, such elastomeric material is merely optional.

Outer sheath (154) passes through an aperture (162) of release button(160). A spring (164) is positioned below release button (160) andresiliently biases release button (160) upwardly. The upward forceimposed by spring (164) causes the perimeter of aperture (162) to firmlyassert pressure against outer sheath (154), and thereby selectivelyprevents outer sheath (154), ultrasonic waveguide (128), and blade (130)from either rotating within handle (140) or axially translating withrespect to handle (140). When the operator exerts a downward force onrelease button (160), spring (164) is compressed and it no longerasserts a holding force on outer sheath (154). The operator may thenaxially translate outer sheath (154), ultrasonic waveguide (128), andblade (130) relative to handle (140) and/or rotate outer sheath (154),ultrasonic waveguide (128), and blade (130) relative to handle (140).Accordingly, it should be understood that the longitudinal and/orrotational position of blade (130) relative to handle (140) may beselectively adjusted by the operator while depressing release button(160), while still allowing blade (130) to vibrate ultrasonically atsuch selected positions, allowing blade (130) to be used in varioussurgical procedures at such selected positions. To initiate suchultrasonic action of blade (130), the operator may operate a footswitch(not shown), activate a pushbutton (174, 176) as described below,activate a button on generator (112), or perform some other act on somecomponent of system (100).

In the present example, housing of handle (140) includes a proximal end,a distal end, and a cavity (141) extending longitudinally therein.Cavity (141) is configured to accept a switch assembly (170) and atleast a portion of ultrasonic transducer assembly (126). In one someversions, the distal end of ultrasonic transducer assembly (126)threadably attaches to the proximal end of ultrasonic waveguide (128),though any other suitable type of coupling may be used. Electricalcontacts of ultrasonic transducer (126) also interface with switchassembly (170) to provide the operator with finger-activated controls onsurgical instrument (120). Ultrasonic transducer (126) of the presentexample includes two conductive rings (not shown) which are securelydisposed within the body of ultrasonic transducer (126) as is describedin U.S. Pub. No. 2007/0106158, entitled “Medical Ultrasound System andHandpiece and Methods for Making and Tuning,” published May 10, 2007,issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,825 on Apr. 10, 2012, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein. Switch assembly (170) of thepresent example comprises a pushbutton assembly (172), a circuitassembly (180), a switch housing (182), a first pin conductor (184), anda second pin conductor (not shown). Switch housing (182) isannular-shaped and is supported within handle assembly (140) by way ofcorresponding supporting mounts on switch housing (182) and housingportions (142, 144).

Pushbutton assembly (172) of the present example comprises pushbuttons(174, 176). Circuit assembly (180) provides for the electro-mechanicalinterface between pushbuttons (174, 176) and generator (112) viaultrasonic transducer (126). Circuit assembly (180) comprises two domeswitches (194, 196) that are mechanically actuated by depressingpushbuttons (174, 176) respectively. Dome switches (194, 196) areelectrical contact switches, that when depressed provide an electricalsignal to generator (112). Pins (not shown) are electrically connectedto dome switches (194, 196). In particular, one end of each pin iselectrically connected to a corresponding dome switch (194, 196). Theother end of each pin is electrically connected with a correspondingring conductor at the distal end of ultrasonic transducer (126). Thatis, the pins each have spring-loaded tips that interface with ultrasonictransducer (126) in a manner similar to that described above. Circuitassembly (180) also comprises two diodes within a diode package (notshown) that connect to the pins, respectively. While the pins provideelectrical contact to the ring conductors of ultrasonic transducer, thering conductors are in turn connected to conductors in cable (114) thatconnects to generator (112). Of course a variety of alternativeconfigurations may be used.

By depressing pushbuttons (174, 176), the corresponding contact surfacesdepress corresponding dome switches (194, 196) to selectively activatethe circuit (180). For instance, when the operator depresses pushbutton(174), generator (112) may respond with a certain energy level, such asa maximum (“max”) power setting. When the operator depresses pushbutton(176), generator (112) may respond with a certain energy level, such asa minimum (“min”) power setting, which conforms to accepted industrypractice for pushbutton location and the corresponding power setting.Instrument (120) may further be configured and operable in accordancewith the teachings of U.S. Pub. No. 2008/0200940, entitled “UltrasonicEnergy Device for Cutting and Coagulating,” published Aug. 21, 2008, thedisclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Alternatively,instrument (120) may be provided with a variety of other components,configurations, and/or types of operability.

In addition to or in lieu of being constructed in accordance with theabove teachings, at least part of instrument (120) may be constructedand operable in accordance with at least some of the teachings of U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,322,055; 5,873,873; 5,980,510; 6,283,981; 6,309,400;6,325,811; 6,423,082; 6,783,524; 8,057,498; U.S. Pub. No. 2006/0079874,now abandoned; U.S. Pub. No. 2007/0191713 now abandoned; U.S. Pub. No.2007/0282333, now abandoned; U.S. Pub. No. 2008/0200940, now abandoned;U.S. Pub. No. 2008/0234710, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,911,460; U.S. Pub.No. 2010/0069940, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,071; U.S. Pub. No.2011/0015660, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,461,744; U.S. Pub. No.2012/0112687, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,381,058; U.S. Pub. No.2012/0116265, now abandoned; U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/538,588, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,393,037; U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/657,553, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,095,367; and/or U.S. Pat.App. No. 61/410,603. The disclosures of each of the foregoing patents,publications, and applications are incorporated by reference herein. Itshould also be understood that instrument (120) may have variousstructural and functional similarities with the HARMONIC ACE® UltrasonicShears, the HARMONIC WAVE® Ultrasonic Shears, the HARMONIC FOCUS®Ultrasonic Shears, and/or the HARMONIC SYNERGY® Ultrasonic Blades.Furthermore, instrument (120) may have various structural and functionalsimilarities with the devices taught in any of the other references thatare cited and incorporated by reference herein. Additional merelyillustrative variations for instrument (120) will be apparent to thoseof ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein. It shouldbe understood that the below described variations may be readily appliedto instrument (120) described above and any of the instruments referredto in any of the references that are cited herein, among others.

To the extent that there is some degree of overlap between the teachingsof the references cited herein, the HARMONIC ACE® Ultrasonic Shears, theHARMONIC WAVE® Ultrasonic Shears, the HARMONIC FOCUS® Ultrasonic Shears,and/or the HARMONIC SYNERGY® Ultrasonic Blades, and the followingteachings relating to instrument (20), there is no intent for any of thedescription herein to be presumed as admitted prior art. Severalteachings herein in fact go beyond the scope of the teachings of thereferences cited herein and the HARMONIC ACE® Ultrasonic Shears, theHARMONIC WAVE® Ultrasonic Shears, the HARMONIC FOCUS® Ultrasonic Shears,and the HARMONIC SYNERGY® Ultrasonic Blades.

III. EXEMPLARY ULTRASONIC BLADE VARIATIONS

As noted above, some conventional ultrasonic blades may be best suitedfor only cutting through relatively soft tissues; and/or separating softtissue from relatively tough/hard tissues. It may therefore be desirableto provide an ultrasonic blade that is operable to cut throughrelatively soft tissues and relatively tough/hard tissues more easilythan conventional ultrasonic blades. As also noted above, some surgeonsmay be familiar with using a combination of a Cobb elevator instrument(e.g., 10 mm, 13 mm, 15 mm, etc.) with a bovie device to clean soft andhard tissue from vertebrae in preparation for subsequent hardwareinstallation, bone fusion, etc. It may therefore be desirable to providean ultrasonic blade that is operable to cut through both soft andhard/tough tissues and further clean such tissue from vertebrae, withoutgouging the bone. Moreover, it may be desirable for such a blade toprovide hemostasis during such a procedure, effectively eliminating theneed for another instrument such as a bovie device; and to also feellike a conventional Cobb elevator instrument from the surgeon'sperspective. An ultrasonic surgical instrument having such a blade maythus functionally substitute the combination of a Cobb elevatorinstrument and bovie device while also providing the kind of operatorcontrol that a surgeon may be familiar with from previously using a Cobbelevator instrument. The examples described below include variations ofultrasonic blades that may meet some or all of the above criteria.

The various examples of ultrasonic blades described below may beconfigured to provide vibrational movement along a longitudinal axis ofthe waveguide when the blade is activated with ultrasonic vibrations. Inaddition, the vibrational movement may be lateral to the longitudinalaxis along one or more planes. It should therefore be understood thatthe various examples of ultrasonic blades described below may providenon-longitudinal modes of resonance. Providing such lateral ortransverse modes of resonance may produce a motion more akin to scrapingand less akin to jackhammering. Such lateral or transverse modes ofresonance may thus promote scraping of tissue from bone. Moreover, suchlateral or transverse modes of resonance may reduce the risk of theblade breaking and/or gouging the bone. In other words, the lateral ortransverse modes of resonance may provide a glancing blow across thebone surface rather than a direct impact perpendicular to the bonesurface. By way of example only, any of the ultrasonic blades describedbelow may be driven such that they vibrate with a longitudinaldisplacement of approximately 95 microns and a lateral displacement ofapproximately 56 microns, yielding a ratio of approximately 0.6. Inother words, the lateral motion of the blade may be approximately 60% ofthe longitudinal motion. Other suitable displacement amounts in thelongitudinal and lateral direction, as wells as other suitabledisplacement ratios, will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in theart in view of the teachings herein.

Of course, the examples of variations of ultrasonic blades describedbelow may also be used in other surgical contexts, including but notlimited to those calling for scraping or general soft tissue cutting andcoagulation. By way of example only, the examples of variations ofultrasonic blades described below may be used in plastic surgeries,breast augmentation or reduction surgeries, and/or various other kindsof surgeries. In some instances where a conventional ultrasonic blade isused, soft tissues may be difficult to suspend and place in tension sothat the ultrasonic blade may provide sufficient pressure to achieve acutting action. The structural characteristics of the variations ofultrasonic blades described below may allow the surgeon to use the bladeto suspend the tissue and thereby place the tissue in tension forcutting with relative ease.

It should be understood that the below described examples of variationsof ultrasonic blades may be used as substitutes for blades (24, 130)described above. In other words, the blades described below may bereadily incorporated into instruments (10, 120) described above. To theextent that such incorporation of the below described blades may warrantadditional modifications to instruments (10, 120), examples of suchmodifications will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art inview of the teachings herein.

A. Exemplary Ultrasonic Blade with Cobb Tip

FIGS. 4-17 show an exemplary alternative ultrasonic blade (200) andwaveguide (202) that may be readily incorporated into instrument (20,120). In particular, blade (200) and waveguide (202) may be mechanicallyand acoustically coupled with transducer (26, 126) in place of waveguide(28, 128) and blade (24, 132). As best seen in FIGS. 4-5 , waveguide(202) of this example includes a set of flats (204, 206, 208). Flats(204, 206, 208) are configured and positioned to provide appropriateacoustic tuning of blade (200). In some versions, blade (200) providesan acoustic gain between approximately 3.0 and approximately 5.0. In thepresent example, blade (200) and waveguide (202) are configured suchthat a distal-most node (N) is located just proximal to blade (200). Itshould be understood that the distal-most node (N) corresponds to a nodeassociated with resonant ultrasonic vibrations communicated throughwaveguide (202) and blade (200). When blade (200) is activated withultrasonic vibrations, the vibrational movement may be along thelongitudinal axis (LA). In addition, the vibrational movement may be inan angular movement (arrow (290) in FIG. 11 ) along the x-z plane, abouta pitch axis passing through the longitudinal axis (LA) at thedistal-most node (N). Furthermore, the vibrational movement may be in anangular movement (arrow (292) in FIG. 8 ) along the x-y plane, about ayaw axis passing through the longitudinal axis (LA) at the distal-mostnode (N). It should therefore be understood that blade (200) may providenon-longitudinal modes of resonance.

By way of example only, when blade (200) is activated to vibrate at anultrasonic frequency, the ratio of lateral displacement of blade (200)from the longitudinal axis (LA) to the longitudinal displacement ofblade (200) along the longitudinal axis (LA) is between approximately0.46 to approximately 0.80. As another merely illustrative example, theratio of lateral displacement of blade (200) from the longitudinal axis(LA) to the longitudinal displacement of blade (200) along thelongitudinal axis (LA) is between approximately 0.60 to approximately0.70. As another merely illustrative example, the ratio of lateraldisplacement of blade (200) from the longitudinal axis (LA) to thelongitudinal displacement of blade (200) along the longitudinal axis(LA) is between approximately 0.70 to approximately 0.80. As yet anothermerely illustrative example, the ratio of lateral displacement of blade(200) from the longitudinal axis (LA) to the longitudinal displacementof blade (200) along the longitudinal axis (LA) is between approximately0.46 to approximately 0.55. As yet another merely illustrative example,the ratio of lateral displacement of blade (200) from the longitudinalaxis (LA) to the longitudinal displacement of blade (200) along thelongitudinal axis (LA) is between approximately 0.60 to approximately0.65.

Blade (200) of this example comprises a distally located and laterallypresented first face (212). First face (212) is partially bound by acurved distal edge (210) and a curved proximal edge (214). FIGS. 8-9show the curvature of edges (210, 214) along an x-y plane. In someversions, edges (210, 214) have the same radius of curvature along thex-y plane. In the present example, however, edges (210, 214) havedifferent radii of curvature along the x-y plane. By way of exampleonly, the radius of curvature of edge (210) along the x-y plane isapproximately 0.25 inches; while the radius of curvature of edge (210)along the x-y plane is approximately 0.35 inches. As another merelyillustrative example, the curvature of edge (210) and/or edge (214)along the x-y plane may be the same as the curvature along the x-y planein a distal edge of a conventional Cobb elevator instrument.Alternatively, any other suitable radius of curvature may be used alongthe x-y plane. It should also be understood that edges (210, 214) mayhave different respective radii of curvature along the x-y plane.

FIG. 10 shows the curvature of distal edge (210) along a y-z plane. Insome versions distal edge (210) may have a radius of curvature along they-z plane between approximately 2.5 inches and approximately 3.0 inches.Proximal edge (214) and first face (210) may have the same radius ofcurvature along the y-z plane. Alternatively, any other suitable radiusof curvature may be used along the y-z plane. It should also beunderstood that edges (210, 214) and first face (212) may instead beflat along the y-z plane.

As best seen in FIG. 11 , first face (212) defines an angle (Θ₂) withthe longitudinal axis (LA) along the x-z plane. By way of example only,angle (Θ₂) may be approximately 9.2 degrees; or anywhere betweenapproximately 0 degrees and approximately 10 degrees, or any othersuitable value. As another merely illustrative example, first face (212)may define an angle (Θ₂) with the longitudinal axis (LA) that is thesame as the corresponding angle defined by a corresponding face of aconventional Cobb elevator instrument. Alternatively, any other suitablevalue may be used. It should also be understood that first face (212)need not necessarily be straight along the x-z plane, such that firstface (212) generally extends along angle (Θ₂). For instance, the centerof each edge (210, 214) may be located along a respective line thatdefines angle (Θ₂) with the longitudinal axis (LA), while anintermediate portion of first face (212) bows outwardly in a convexconfiguration or inwardly in a concave configuration. As best seen inFIG. 12 , first face (212) may also provide a convex configuration or aconcave configuration along the y-z plane. Alternatively, first face(212) may be flat along the y-z plane.

In the present example, distal edge (210) is used to scrape tissue(e.g., muscle, tendon, ligament, periostium, etc.) from bone, and theradius of curvature of distal edge (210) is configured to prevent blade(200) from gouging bone while blade (200) performs such scraping. Suchscraping may include movement of blade (200) along the longitudinal axis(LA) defined by waveguide (202), in the y direction, in the z direction,in an angular movement (arrow (290) in FIG. 11 ) about a pitch axispassing through the longitudinal axis (LA), and/or in an angularmovement (arrow (292) in FIG. 8 ) about a yaw axis passing through thelongitudinal axis (LA). The pitch and/or yaw axes may be located at aposition along the longitudinal axis (LA) where the operator is grippingthe instrument. Other suitable scraping motions will be apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein. Insome instances, blade (200) is ultrasonically inactive during suchscraping operations. In some other instances, blade (200) is activatedduring such scraping operations. It should also be understood that firstface (212) may be used as a coagulation flat. In other words, when theoperator encounters a bleeder in tissue at the surgical site, first face(212) may be pressed against the bleeder while blade (200) is activated.This may coagulate or seal the bleeder/tissue.

Blade (200) of the present example also includes a pair of lateral edges(220, 230) extending proximally from edge (214) and another pair oflateral edges (222, 232) extending proximally from edge (210). As bestseen in FIG. 8 , edges (222, 232) are symmetric about the longitudinalaxis (LA) of waveguide (202). In particular, edges (222, 232) eachdefine the same angle (Θ₁) with the longitudinal axis (LA) along the x-yplane and are oriented such that the distance between edges (222, 232)increases along the length of blade (200) in the x direction. By way ofexample only, angle (01) may be between approximately 5 degrees andapproximately 25 degrees. Alternatively, any other suitable value may beused. It should also be understood that edges (222, 232) need notnecessarily be straight, such that edges (222, 232) generally extendalong angle (Θ₁). For instance, the distal and proximal end of each edge(222, 232) may be located along a respective line that defines angle(Θ₁) with the longitudinal axis (LA), while an intermediate portion ofeach edge (222, 232) bows outwardly in a convex configuration orinwardly in a concave configuration.

As best seen in FIG. 11 , edge (220) is curved along the x-z plane. Itshould be understood that edge (230) may be similarly curved. By way ofexample only, edges (220, 230) may each have a radius of curvature alongthe x-z plane between approximately 0.4 inches and approximately 0.6inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius of curvature may beused along the x-z plane. It should also be understood that edges(220.230) may have different respective radii of curvature along the x-zplane. As also seen in FIG. 11 , edge (222) is also curved along the x-zplane. It should be understood that edge (232) may be similarly curved.By way of example only, edges (222, 232) may each have a radius ofcurvature along the x-z plane between approximately 0.5 inches andapproximately 1.0 inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-z plane. It should also be understoodthat edges (222, 232) may have different respective radii of curvaturealong the x-z plane. As also seen in FIG. 11 , the radius of curvaturefor edge (222) along the x-z plane is different from the radius ofcurvature of edge (220) along the x-z plane. In some other versions,edges (220.222) may have the same radius of curvature along the x-zplane.

Edges (220, 222) partially bound a laterally presented second face(224); while edges (230, 232) partially bound a laterally presentedthird face (234). Faces (224, 234) are on opposite sides of blade (200)along the y axis. Faces (224, 234) are oriented obliquely and/or curvedalong the x-y plane (FIG. 8 ), along the x-z plane (FIG. 11 ), and alongthe y-z plane (FIG. 13 ). Second face (224) is distally bound by an edge(226), which extends from edge (210) to edge (214). Third face (234) isbound by an edge (236), which extends from edge (210) to edge (214).Edges (226, 236) further bound first face (212), such that first face(212) is fully bound by edges (210, 214, 226, 236). As best seen in FIG.13 , and by comparing FIG. 8 with FIG. 9 , faces (224, 234) are orientedupwardly and outwardly. In some versions, faces (224, 234) are flat. Insome other versions, faces (224, 234) are convex along the y-z plane. Instill other versions, faces (224, 234) are concave along the y-z plane.As yet another merely illustrative alternative, faces (224, 234) mayeach have at least one region that is convex along the y-z plane and atleast one region that is concave along the y-z plane; or some othercombination of convex, concave, and/or flat regions.

It should be understood that edges (220, 230, 222, 232) may be used toperform side cutting of tissue with blade (200). For instance, withtissue positioned against any one or more of edges (220, 230, 222, 232),blade (200) may be moved along the y axis, along the z axis, in anangular movement (arrow (290) in FIG. 11 ) about a pitch axis passingthrough the longitudinal axis (LA), and/or in an angular movement (arrow(292) in FIG. 8 ) about a yaw axis passing through the longitudinal axis(LA). Other suitable side cutting motions will be apparent to those ofordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein. The pitchand/or yaw axes may be located at a position along the longitudinal axis(LA) where the operator is gripping the instrument. In some instances,blade (200) is ultrasonically inactive during such side cuttingoperations. In some other instances, blade (200) is activated duringsuch side cutting operations.

Blade (200) of the present example also includes a laterally presented,concave fourth face (216) and a laterally presented, convex fifth face(218). As best seen in FIGS. 13-15 , faces (216, 218) are on oppositesides of blade (200) along the z axis. The concavity of fourth face(216) is configured to allow tissue to gather within the recess providedby fourth face (216) as the tissue is scraped from bone by distal edge(210). Fifth face (218) is configured to provide a blunt camming surfaceto promote blunt dissection with blade (200). It should also beunderstood that fifth face (218) may be used to provide coagulation. Inother words, when the operator encounters a bleeder in tissue at thesurgical site, fifth face (218) may be pressed against the bleeder whileblade (200) is activated. This may coagulate or seal the bleeder/tissue.

In some versions, faces (216.218) have the same radius of curvaturealong the x-z plane. By way of example only, the radius of curvature offaces (216, 218) along the x-z plane is between approximately 0.4 inchesand approximately 0.6 inches. In some versions, the curvature of fourthface (216) and/or fifth face (218) along the x-z plane varies along thelength of face (216, 218). By way of example only, the radius ofcurvature for fifth face (218) along the x-z plane may start atapproximately 3.5 inches at the distal end of blade (200), then smoothlytransition to a radius of curvature of approximately 1.25 inches, thensmoothly transition to a radius of curvature of approximately 0.25inches. As another merely illustrative example, fourth face (216) and/orfifth face (218) may have a curvature along the x-z plane that is thesame as the curvature of a corresponding faces a conventional Cobbelevator instrument. Alternatively, any other suitable radius or radiiof curvature may be used along the x-z plane. It should also beunderstood that faces (216, 218) may have different respective radii ofcurvature along the x-z plane.

Similarly, faces (216, 218) may have the same radius of curvature alongthe y-z plane. By way of example only, the radius of curvature of faces(216, 218) along the y-z plane is between approximately 0.4 inches andapproximately 0.6 inches. In some versions, the curvature of fourth face(216) and/or fifth face (218) along the y-z plane varies along the widthof face (216, 218). As another merely illustrative example, fourth face(216) and/or fifth face (218) may have a curvature along the y-z planethat is the same as the curvature of a corresponding faces aconventional Cobb elevator instrument. Alternatively, any other suitableradius or radii of curvature may be used along the y-z plane. It shouldalso be understood that faces (216, 218) may have different respectiveradii of curvature along the y-z plane. In versions where first face(212) is curved along the y-z plane, the radius defining the curvatureof first face (212) along the y-z plane may be greater than the radiusdefining the curvature of fourth face (216) along the y-z plane.Likewise, the radius defining the curvature of first face (212) alongthe y-z plane may be greater than the radius defining the curvature offifth face (218) along the y-z plane.

FIGS. 16-17 show blade (200) of the present example in relation to aCobb elevator blank (290), which is depicted in phantom lines. It shouldbe understood that blade (200) may be formed by starting with amonolithic piece of metal that is configured in accordance with the Cobbelevator blank (290) and then removing material from that piece of metaluntil all of the shown and described features of blade (200) are formed.Such removal of material may be carried out in a milling process and/orusing any other suitable kind of process(es). In some other versions,blade (200) is formed using a metal injection molded (MIM) process.Still other suitable ways in which blade (200) may be formed will beapparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachingsherein.

B. Exemplary Ultrasonic Blade with Cobb Tip and Proximal Recesses

FIGS. 18-27 show an exemplary alternative ultrasonic blade (300) andwaveguide (302) that may be readily incorporated into instrument (20,120). In particular, blade (300) and waveguide (302) may be mechanicallyand acoustically coupled with transducer (26, 126) in place of waveguide(28, 128) and blade (24, 132). In the present example, blade (300) andwaveguide (302) are configured such that a distal-most node (N) islocated just proximal to blade (300). It should be understood that thedistal-most node (N) corresponds to a node associated with resonantultrasonic vibrations communicated through waveguide (302) and blade(300). When blade (300) is activated with ultrasonic vibrations, thevibrational movement may be along the longitudinal axis (LA). Inaddition, the vibrational movement may be in an angular movement (arrow(390) in FIG. 23 ) along the x-z plane, about a pitch axis passingthrough the longitudinal axis (LA) at the distal-most node (N).Furthermore, the vibrational movement may be in an angular movement(arrow (392) in FIG. 20 ) along the x-y plane, about a yaw axis passingthrough the longitudinal axis (LA) at the distal-most node (N). Itshould therefore be understood that blade (300) may providenon-longitudinal modes of resonance. By way of example only, when blade(300) is activated to vibrate at an ultrasonic frequency, the ratio oflateral displacement of blade (300) from the longitudinal axis (LA) tothe longitudinal displacement of blade (300) along the longitudinal axis(LA) is between approximately 0.60 to approximately 0.70. Alternatively,any other suitable ratio disclosed herein (among other ratios) may beused.

Blade (300) of this example comprises a distally located and laterallypresented first face (312). First face (312) is partially bound by acurved distal edge (310) and a curved proximal edge (314). FIGS. 20-21show the curvature of edges (310, 314) along an x-y plane. In someversions, edges (310, 314) have the same radius of curvature along thex-y plane. By way of example only, the radius of curvature of edges(310, 314) along the x-y plane is between approximately 0.25 inches andapproximately 0.35 inches. As another merely illustrative example, thecurvature of edges (310, 314) along the x-y plane may be the same as thecurvature along the x-y plane in a distal edge of a conventional Cobbelevator instrument. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-y plane. It should also be understoodthat edges (310, 314) may have different respective radii of curvaturealong the x-y plane.

FIG. 22 shows the curvature of distal edge (310) along a y-z plane. Insome versions distal edge (310) may have a radius of curvature along they-z plane between approximately 2.5 inches and approximately 3.5 inches.Proximal edge (314), distal edge (310), and/or first face (312) may havethe same radius of curvature along the y-z plane. Alternatively, anyother suitable radius of curvature may be used along the y-z plane. Itshould also be understood that edges (310, 314) and first face (312) mayinstead be flat along the y-z plane.

As best seen in FIG. 23 , first face (212) defines an angle (Θ₃) withthe longitudinal axis (LA) along the x-z plane. By way of example only,angle (Θ₃) may be between approximately 0 degrees and approximately 10degrees. As another merely illustrative example, first face (312) maydefine an angle (Θ₃) with the longitudinal axis (LA) that is the same asthe corresponding angle defined by a corresponding face of aconventional Cobb elevator instrument. Alternatively, any other suitablevalue may be used. It should also be understood that first face (312)need not necessarily be straight along the x-z plane, such that firstface (312) generally extends along angle (Θ₃). For instance, the centerof each edge (310, 314) may be located along a respective line thatdefines angle (Θ₃) with the longitudinal axis (LA), while anintermediate portion of first face (312) bows outwardly in a convexconfiguration or inwardly in a concave configuration. First face (312)may also provide a convex configuration or a concave configuration alongthe y-z plane. Alternatively, first face (312) may be flat along the y-zplane.

In the present example, distal edge (310) is used to scrape tissue(e.g., muscle, tendon, ligament, periostium, etc.) from bone, and theradius of curvature of distal edge (310) is configured to prevent blade(300) from gouging bone while blade (300) performs such scraping. Suchscraping may include movement of blade (300) along the longitudinal axis(LA) defined by waveguide (302), in the y direction, in the z direction,in an angular movement (arrow (390) in FIG. 23 ) about a pitch axispassing through the longitudinal axis (LA), and/or in an angularmovement (arrow (392) in FIG. 20 ) about a yaw axis passing through thelongitudinal axis (LA). The pitch and/or yaw axes may be located at aposition along the longitudinal axis (LA) where the operator is grippingthe instrument. Other suitable scraping motions will be apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein. Insome instances, blade (300) is ultrasonically inactive during suchscraping operations. In some other instances, blade (300) is activatedduring such scraping operations. It should also be understood that firstface (312) may be used as a coagulation flat. In other words, when theoperator encounters a bleeder in tissue at the surgical site, first face(312) may be pressed against the bleeder while blade (300) is activated.This may coagulate or seal the bleeder/tissue.

Blade (300) of the present example also includes a pair of lateral edges(320, 330) extending proximally from edge (314) and another pair oflateral edges (322, 332) extending proximally from edge (310). As bestseen in FIG. 20 , edges (320, 330) are symmetric about the longitudinalaxis (LA) of waveguide (302) in this example. In particular, edges (320,330) each define concave curves and are oriented such that the distancebetween edges (320, 330) increases along the length of blade (300) inthe x direction. By way of example only, the radius of curvature foreach edge (320, 330) along the x-y plane may be between approximately0.75 inches and approximately 1.25 inches. Alternatively, any othersuitable curvature may be used. It should also be understood that edges(320, 330) need not necessarily be curved, such that edges (320, 330)may be substantially straight.

Edges (322, 332) are also symmetric about the longitudinal axis (LA) ofwaveguide (302) in this example. In particular, edges (322, 332) eachdefine concave curves and are oriented such that the distance betweenedges (322, 332) increases along the length of blade (300) in the xdirection. By way of example only, the radius of curvature for each edge(322, 332) along the x-y plane may be between approximately 0.75 inchesand approximately 1.25 inches. Alternatively, any other suitablecurvature may be used. It should also be understood that edges (322,332) need not necessarily be curved, such that edges (322, 332) may besubstantially straight. As best seen in FIGS. 24-25 , edges (322, 332)have a sharp configuration along at least part of their length. Suchsharp configurations may assist in tissue dissection, such as in theside cutting motion referred to below.

As best seen in FIG. 23 , edge (320) is curved along the x-z plane. Itshould be understood that edge (330) may be similarly curved. By way ofexample only, edges (320, 330) may each have a radius of curvature alongthe x-z plane between approximately 0.4 inches and approximately 0.6inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius of curvature may beused along the x-z plane. It should also be understood that edges (320,330) may have different respective radii of curvature along the x-zplane. As also seen in FIG. 23 , edge (322) is also curved along the x-zplane. It should be understood that edge (332) may be similarly curved.By way of example only, edges (322, 332) may each have a radius ofcurvature along the x-z plane between approximately 0.5 inches andapproximately 1.0 inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-z plane. It should also be understoodthat edges (322, 332) may have different respective radii of curvaturealong the x-z plane. As also seen in FIG. 23 , the radius of curvaturefor edge (322) along the x-z plane is different from the radius ofcurvature of edge (320) along the x-z plane. In some other versions,edges (320, 322) may have the same radius of curvature along the x-zplane.

Edges (320, 322) partially bound a laterally presented second face(324); while edges (330, 332) partially bound a laterally presentedthird face (334). Faces (324, 334) are on opposite sides of blade (300)along the y axis. Faces (324, 334) are oriented obliquely and/or curvedalong the x-y plane (FIG. 20 ), along the x-z plane (FIG. 23 ), andalong the y-z plane (FIG. 24 ). Second face (324) is distally bound byan edge (326), which extends from edge (310) to edge (314). Third face(334) is bound by an edge (336), which extends from edge (310) to edge(314). Edges (326, 336) further bound first face (312), such that firstface (312) is fully bound by edges (310, 314, 326, 336). As best seen inFIGS. 24-25 , and by comparing FIG. 20 with FIG. 21 , faces (324, 334)are oriented upwardly and outwardly. In some versions, faces (324, 334)are flat. In some other versions, faces (324, 334) are convex along they-z plane. In still other versions, faces (324, 334) are concave alongthe y-z plane. As yet another merely illustrative alternative, faces(324, 334) may each have at least one region that is convex along they-z plane and at least one region that is concave along the y-z plane;or some other combination of convex, concave, and/or flat regions.

As best seen in FIGS. 20, 23, and 25-26 , blade (300) of this examplefurther includes a proximal convex edge (340) and an adjacent proximaledge (342), which together partially bound a convex fourth face (344).Proximal convex edge (340) extends continuously from edge (320)described above. In some versions, edge (320) is substantially straightin the x-y plane while edge (340) is curved in the x-y plane. Inversions where edge (320) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane,edge (340) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane that is lessthan the radius of curvature of edge (320) along the x-y plane. By wayof example only, edge (340) may have a radius of curvature along the x-yplane of between approximately 0.03 inches and approximately 0.06inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius of curvature may beused along the x-y plane. Fourth face (344) extends continuously fromsecond face (322). The combination of faces (322, 344) is thus fullybound by edges (320, 326, 322, 342, 340).

Similarly, blade (300) includes a proximal convex edge (350) and anadjacent proximal edge (352), which together partially bound a convexfifth face (354). Proximal convex edge (350) extends continuously fromedge (330) described above. In some versions, edge (320) issubstantially straight in the x-y plane while edge (350) is curved inthe x-y plane. In versions where edge (330) has a radius of curvaturealong the x-y plane, edge (350) has a radius of curvature along the x-yplane that is less than the radius of curvature of edge (330) along thex-y plane. By way of example only, edge (350) may have a radius ofcurvature along the x-y plane of between approximately 0.03 inches andapproximately 0.06 inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-y plane. Fourth face (354) extendscontinuously from second face (332). The combination of faces (332, 354)is thus fully bound by edges (330, 336, 332, 352, 350).

It should be understood that edges (320, 330, 322, 332, 340, 350) may beused to perform side cutting of tissue with blade (300). As one or moreedges (320, 330, 322, 332, 340, 350) cut tissue, the corresponding face(344, 354) may assist in driving the tissue distally and outwardly awayfrom blade (300). For instance, with tissue positioned against any oneor more of edges (320, 330, 322, 332, 340, 350), blade (300) may bemoved along the y axis, along the z axis, in an angular movement (arrow(390) in FIG. 23 ) about a pitch axis passing through the longitudinalaxis (LA), and/or in an angular movement (arrow (392) in FIG. 20 ) abouta yaw axis passing through the longitudinal axis (LA). Other suitableside cutting motions will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in theart in view of the teachings herein. The pitch and/or yaw axes may belocated at a position along the longitudinal axis (LA) where theoperator is gripping the instrument. In some instances, blade (300) isultrasonically inactive during such side cutting operations. In someother instances, blade (300) is activated during such side cuttingoperations.

Blade (300) of the present example also includes a laterally presented,concave sixth face (316) and a laterally presented, convex seventh face(318). As best seen in FIGS. 24-27 , faces (316, 318) are on oppositesides of blade (300) along the z axis. The concavity of sixth face (316)is configured to allow tissue to gather within the recess provided bysixth face (316) as the tissue is scraped from bone by distal edge(310). Seventh face (318) is configured to provide a blunt cammingsurface to promote blunt dissection with blade (300). It should also beunderstood that seventh face (318) may be used to provide coagulation.In other words, when the operator encounters a bleeder in tissue at thesurgical site, seventh face (318) may be pressed against the bleederwhile blade (300) is activated. This may coagulate or seal thebleeder/tissue.

In some versions, faces (316.318) have the same radius of curvaturealong the x-z plane. By way of example only, the radius of curvature offaces (316, 318) along the x-z plane is between approximately 1.0 inchesand approximately 1.5 inches. In some versions, the curvature of sixthface (316) and/or seventh face (318) along the x-z plane varies alongthe length of face (316, 318). As another merely illustrative example,sixth face (316) and/or seventh face (318) may have a curvature alongthe x-z plane that is the same as the curvature of a corresponding facesa conventional Cobb elevator instrument. Alternatively, any othersuitable radius or radii of curvature may be used along the x-z plane.It should also be understood that faces (316, 318) may have differentrespective radii of curvature along the x-z plane.

Similarly, faces (316, 318) may have the same radius of curvature alongthe y-z plane. Alternatively, in the present example faces (316, 318)have different radii of curvature. By way of example only, the radius ofcurvature of face (316) along the y-z plane is between approximately 0.5inches and approximately 0.6 inches; while the radius of curvature offace (318) along the y-z plane is between approximately 0.25 inches andapproximately 0.45 inches. In some versions, the curvature of sixth face(316) and/or seventh face (318) along the y-z plane varies along thewidth of face (316, 318). As another merely illustrative example, sixthface (316) and/or seventh face (318) may have a curvature along the y-zplane that is the same as the curvature of a corresponding faces aconventional Cobb elevator instrument. Alternatively, any other suitableradius or radii of curvature may be used along the y-z plane. It shouldalso be understood that faces (316, 318) may have different respectiveradii of curvature along the y-z plane.

C. Exemplary Ultrasonic Blade with Cobb Tip and Lateral Serrations

FIGS. 28-37 show an exemplary alternative ultrasonic blade (400) andwaveguide (402) that may be readily incorporated into instrument (20,120). In particular, blade (400) and waveguide (402) may be mechanicallyand acoustically coupled with transducer (26, 126) in place of waveguide(28, 128) and blade (24, 132). In the present example, blade (400) andwaveguide (402) are configured such that a distal-most node (N) islocated just proximal to blade (400). It should be understood that thedistal-most node (N) corresponds to a node associated with resonantultrasonic vibrations communicated through waveguide (402) and blade(400). When blade (400) is activated with ultrasonic vibrations, thevibrational movement may be along the longitudinal axis (LA). Inaddition, the vibrational movement may be in an angular movement (arrow(490) in FIG. 33 ) along the x-z plane, about a pitch axis passingthrough the longitudinal axis (LA) at the distal-most node (N).Furthermore, the vibrational movement may be in an angular movement(arrow (492) in FIG. 30 ) along the x-y plane, about a yaw axis passingthrough the longitudinal axis (LA) at the distal-most node (N). Itshould therefore be understood that blade (400) may providenon-longitudinal modes of resonance. By way of example only, when blade(400) is activated to vibrate at an ultrasonic frequency, the ratio oflateral displacement of blade (400) from the longitudinal axis (LA) tothe longitudinal displacement of blade (400) along the longitudinal axis(LA) is between approximately 0.70 to approximately 0.80. Alternatively,any other suitable ratio disclosed herein (among other ratios) may beused.

Blade (400) of this example comprises a distally located and laterallypresented first face (412). First face (412) is partially bound by acurved distal edge (410) and a curved proximal edge (414). FIGS. 30-31show the curvature of edges (410, 414) along an x-y plane. In someversions, edges (410, 414) have the same radius of curvature along thex-y plane. By way of example only, the radius of curvature of edges(410, 414) along the x-y plane is between approximately 0.20 inches andapproximately 0.35 inches. As another merely illustrative example, thecurvature of edges (410, 414) along the x-y plane may be the same as thecurvature along the x-y plane in a distal edge of a conventional Cobbelevator instrument. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-y plane. It should also be understoodthat edges (410, 414) may have different respective radii of curvaturealong the x-y plane.

FIG. 32 shows the profile of distal edge (410) along a y-z plane. In thepresent example, distal edge (410) is flat along the y-z plane. In someother versions distal edge (410) has a non-zero radius of curvaturealong the y-z plane. Proximal edge (414) and first face (410) may havethe same radius of curvature along the y-z plane. Alternatively, anyother suitable radius of curvature may be used along the y-z plane. Itshould also be understood that edges (410, 414) and first face (412) maybe flat along the y-z plane.

As best seen in FIG. 33 , first face (412) defines an angle (Θ₄) withthe longitudinal axis (LA) along the x-z plane. By way of example only,angle (Θ₄) may be between approximately 0 degrees and approximately 10degrees. As another merely illustrative example, first face (412) maydefine an angle (Θ₄) with the longitudinal axis (LA) that is the same asthe corresponding angle defined by a corresponding face of aconventional Cobb elevator instrument. Alternatively, any other suitablevalue may be used. It should also be understood that first face (412)need not necessarily be straight along the x-z plane, such that firstface (412) generally extends along angle (Θ₄). For instance, the centerof each edge (410, 414) may be located along a respective line thatdefines angle (Θ₄) with the longitudinal axis (LA), while anintermediate portion of first face (412) bows outwardly in a convexconfiguration or inwardly in a concave configuration. First face (412)may also provide a convex configuration or a concave configuration alongthe y-z plane. Alternatively, first face (412) may be flat along the y-zplane.

In the present example, distal edge (410) is used to scrape tissue(e.g., muscle, tendon, ligament, periostium, etc.) from bone, and theradius of curvature of distal edge (410) is configured to prevent blade(400) from gouging bone while blade (400) performs such scraping. Suchscraping may include movement of blade (400) along the longitudinal axis(LA) defined by waveguide (402), in the y direction, in the z direction,in an angular movement (arrow (490) in FIG. 33 ) about a pitch axispassing through the longitudinal axis (LA), and/or in an angularmovement (arrow (492) in FIG. 30 ) about a yaw axis passing through thelongitudinal axis (LA). The pitch and/or yaw axes may be located at aposition along the longitudinal axis (LA) where the operator is grippingthe instrument. Other suitable scraping motions will be apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein. Insome instances, blade (400) is ultrasonically inactive during suchscraping operations. In some other instances, blade (400) is activatedduring such scraping operations. It should also be understood that firstface (412) may be used as a coagulation flat. In other words, when theoperator encounters a bleeder in tissue at the surgical site, first face(412) may be pressed against the bleeder while blade (400) is activated.This may coagulate or seal the bleeder/tissue.

Blade (400) of the present example also includes a pair of lateral edges(420, 430) extending proximally from edge (414) and another pair oflateral edges (422, 432) extending proximally from edge (410). As bestseen in FIG. 30 , edges (420, 430) are symmetric about the longitudinalaxis (LA) of waveguide (402) in this example. In particular, edges (420,430) each define concave curves and are oriented such that the distancebetween edges (420, 430) increases along the length of blade (400) inthe x direction. By way of example only, the radius of curvature foreach edge (420, 430) along the x-y plane may be part of a transitioningvariable radius that transitions from approximately 0.25 inches toapproximately 2.50 inches. Alternatively, any other suitable curvaturemay be used. It should also be understood that edges (420, 430) need notnecessarily be curved, such that edges (420, 430) may be substantiallystraight.

Edges (422, 432) are also symmetric about the longitudinal axis (LA) ofwaveguide (402) in this example. In particular, edges (422, 432) eachdefine concave curves and are oriented such that the distance betweenedges (422, 432) increases along the length of blade (400) in the xdirection. By way of example only, the radius of curvature for each edge(422, 432) along the x-y plane may be part of a transitioning variableradius that transitions from approximately 0.25 inches to approximately2.50 inches. Alternatively, any other suitable curvature may be used. Itshould also be understood that edges (422, 432) need not necessarily becurved, such that edges (422, 432) may be substantially straight. Asbest seen in FIGS. 34-35 , edges (422, 432) have a sharp configurationalong at least part of their length. Such sharp configurations mayassist in tissue dissection, such as in the side cutting motion referredto below. Edges (422, 432) of the present example also have concaveserrations (428, 438), which may further assist in tissue dissection asedges (422, 432) are dragged against tissue. While each set ofserrations (428, 438) comprises three recesses in this example, anyother suitable number of recesses may be used. In addition, whileserrations (428, 438) are formed by arcuate concave recesses in thepresent example, serrations (428, 438) may instead have a sawtoothconfiguration and/or any other suitable kind of configuration.

As best seen in FIG. 33 , edge (420) is curved along the x-z plane. Itshould be understood that edge (430) may be similarly curved. By way ofexample only, edges (420, 430) may each have a radius of curvature alongthe x-z plane between approximately 0.4 inches and approximately 0.6inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius of curvature may beused along the x-z plane. It should also be understood that edges (420,430) may have different respective radii of curvature along the x-zplane. As also seen in FIG. 33 , edge (422) is also curved along the x-zplane. It should be understood that edge (432) may be similarly curved.By way of example only, edges (422, 432) may each have a radius ofcurvature along the x-z plane between approximately 0.5 inches andapproximately 1.0 inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-z plane. It should also be understoodthat edges (422, 432) may have different respective radii of curvaturealong the x-z plane. As also seen in FIG. 33 , the radius of curvaturefor edge (422) along the x-z plane is different from the radius ofcurvature of edge (420) along the x-z plane. In some other versions,edges (420, 422) may have the same radius of curvature along the x-zplane.

Edges (420, 422) partially bound a laterally presented second face(424); while edges (430, 432) partially bound a laterally presentedthird face (434). Faces (424, 434) are on opposite sides of blade (400)along the y axis. Faces (424, 434) are oriented obliquely and/or curvedalong the x-y plane (FIG. 30 ), along the x-z plane (FIG. 33 ), andalong the y-z plane (FIG. 35 ). As best seen in FIGS. 34-35 , and bycomparing FIG. 30 with FIG. 31 , faces (424, 434) are oriented upwardlyand outwardly. In some versions, faces (424, 434) are flat. In someother versions, faces (424, 434) are convex along the y-z plane. Instill other versions, faces (424, 434) are concave along the y-z plane.As yet another merely illustrative alternative, faces (424, 434) mayeach have at least one region that is convex along the y-z plane and atleast one region that is concave along the y-z plane; or some othercombination of convex, concave, and/or flat regions.

As best seen in FIGS. 30, 33, and 36 , blade (400) of this examplefurther includes a proximal convex edge (440) and an adjacent proximaledge (442), which together partially bound a convex fourth face (444).Proximal convex edge (440) extends continuously from edge (420)described above. In some versions, edge (420) is substantially straightin the x-y plane while edge (440) is curved in the x-y plane. Inversions where edge (420) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane,edge (440) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane that is lessthan the radius of curvature of edge (420) along the x-y plane. By wayof example only, edge (440) may have a radius of curvature along the x-yplane between approximately 0.10 inches and approximately 0.15 inches.Alternatively, any other suitable radius of curvature may be used alongthe x-y plane. Fourth face (444) extends continuously from second face(424).

Similarly, blade (400) includes a proximal convex edge (450) and anadjacent proximal edge (452), which together partially bound a convexfifth face (454). Proximal convex edge (450) extends continuously fromedge (430) described above. In some versions, edge (420) issubstantially straight in the x-y plane while edge (450) is curved inthe x-y plane. In versions where edge (430) has a radius of curvaturealong the x-y plane, edge (450) has a radius of curvature along the x-yplane that is less than the radius of curvature of edge (430) along thex-y plane. By way of example only, edge (450) may have a radius ofcurvature along the x-y plane between approximately 0.10 inches andapproximately 0.15 inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-y plane. Fourth face (454) extendscontinuously from second face (432).

Blade (400) of the present example further comprises a pair of distalhook portions (460, 470) on opposite ends of distal edge (410). Hookportion (460) comprises a first concave edge (462) and a second concaveedge (464). In some versions, edge (420) is substantially straight inthe x-y plane while edge (462) is curved in the x-y plane. In versionswhere edge (420) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane, edge(462) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane that is less thanthe radius of curvature of edge (420) along the x-y plane. The radius ofcurvature for edge (462) is also less than the radius of curvature foredge (440) in this example. By way of example only, edge (462) may havea radius of curvature along the x-y plane between approximately 0.020inches and approximately 0.100 inches. Alternatively, any other suitableradius of curvature may be used along the x-y plane.

Similarly, in some versions edge (422) is substantially straight in thex-y plane while edge (464) is curved in the x-y plane. In versions whereedge (422) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane, edge (464) hasa radius of curvature along the x-y plane that is less than the radiusof curvature of edge (422) along the x-y plane. The radius of curvaturefor edge (464) is also less than the radius of curvature for edge (442)in this example. By way of example only, edge (464) may have a radius ofcurvature along the x-y plane between approximately 0.020 inches andapproximately 0.100 inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-y plane.

Edges (462, 464) distally converge with distal edge (410) at a sharppoint (468). Edges (462, 464) also partially bound a hook face (466).Edge (462) extends continuously from edge (420). Edge (464) extendscontinuously from edge (422). Face (466) extends continuously from face(422). The combination of faces (422, 444, 466) is thus fully bound byedges (420, 462, 464, 422, 442, 440).

Hook portion (470) comprises a first concave edge (472) and a secondconcave edge (474). In some versions, edge (430) is substantiallystraight in the x-y plane while edge (472) is curved in the x-y plane.In versions where edge (430) has a radius of curvature along the x-yplane, edge (472) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane that isless than the radius of curvature of edge (430) along the x-y plane. Theradius of curvature for edge (472) is also less than the radius ofcurvature for edge (450) in this example. By way of example only, edge(472) may have a radius of curvature along the x-y plane betweenapproximately 0.020 inches and approximately 0.100 inches.Alternatively, any other suitable radius of curvature may be used alongthe x-y plane.

Similarly, in some versions edge (432) is substantially straight in thex-y plane while edge (474) is curved in the x-y plane. In versions whereedge (432) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane, edge (474) hasa radius of curvature along the x-y plane that is less than the radiusof curvature of edge (432) along the x-y plane. The radius of curvaturefor edge (474) is also less than the radius of curvature for edge (452)in this example. By way of example only, edge (474) may have a radius ofcurvature along the x-y plane of between approximately 0.020 inches andapproximately 0.100 inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-y plane.

Edges (472, 474) distally converge with distal edge (410) at a sharppoint (478). Edges (472, 474) also partially bound a hook face (476).Edge (472) extends continuously from edge (430). Edge (474) extendscontinuously from edge (432). Face (476) extends continuously from face(432). The combination of faces (432, 454, 476) is thus fully bound byedges (430, 472, 474, 432, 452, 450).

It should be understood that edges (420, 430, 422, 432, 440, 450, 462,464, 472, 474) and serrations (428, 438) may be used to perform sidecutting of tissue with blade (400). By way of example only, serrations(428, 438) may particularly facilitate cutting of tough tissues such astendons, ligaments, etc. As one or more edges (420, 430, 422, 432, 440,450, 462, 464, 472, 474) and/or serrations (428, 438) cut tissue, thecorresponding face (444, 454) may assist in driving the tissue distallyand outwardly away from blade (400). It should also be understood thathook portions (460, 470) may assist in grabbing tissue and guiding thetissue proximally toward edges (422, 432) and serrations (428, 438) forcutting. For instance, with tissue positioned against any one or more ofedges (420, 430, 422, 432, 440, 450, 462, 464, 472, 474) and/orserrations (428, 438), blade (400) may be moved along the y axis, alongthe z axis, in an angular movement (arrow (490) in FIG. 33 ) about apitch axis passing through the longitudinal axis (LA), and/or in anangular movement (arrow (492) in FIG. 30 ) about a yaw axis passingthrough the longitudinal axis (LA). Other suitable side cutting motionswill be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of theteachings herein. The pitch and/or yaw axes may be located at a positionalong the longitudinal axis (LA) where the operator is gripping theinstrument. In some instances, blade (400) is ultrasonically inactiveduring such side cutting operations. In some other instances, blade(400) is activated during such side cutting operations.

Blade (400) of the present example also includes a laterally presented,concave eighth face (416) and a laterally presented, convex ninth face(418). As best seen in FIGS. 34-37 , faces (416, 418) are on oppositesides of blade (400) along the z axis. The concavity of eighth face(416) is configured to allow tissue to gather within the recess providedby eighth face (416) as the tissue is scraped from bone by distal edge(410). Ninth face (418) is configured to provide a blunt camming surfaceto promote blunt dissection with blade (400). It should also beunderstood that ninth face (418) may be used to provide coagulation. Inother words, when the operator encounters a bleeder in tissue at thesurgical site, ninth face (418) may be pressed against the bleeder whileblade (400) is activated. This may coagulate or seal the bleeder/tissue.

In some versions, faces (416, 418) have the same radius of curvaturealong the x-z plane. Alternatively, in the present examples (416, 418)have different radii of curvature along the x-z plane. By way of exampleonly, the radius of curvature of face (416) along the x-z plane isbetween approximately 0.4 inches and approximately 0.6 inches; while theradius of curvature of face (418) along the x-z plane is betweenapproximately 0.25 inches and approximately 0.45 inches. In someversions, the curvature of eighth face (416) and/or ninth face (418)along the x-z plane varies along the length of face (416, 418). Asanother merely illustrative example, eighth face (416) and/or ninth face(418) may have a curvature along the x-z plane that is the same as thecurvature of a corresponding faces a conventional Cobb elevatorinstrument. Alternatively, any other suitable radius or radii ofcurvature may be used along the x-z plane. It should also be understoodthat faces (416, 418) may have different respective radii of curvaturealong the x-z plane.

Similarly, faces (416, 418) may have the same radius of curvature alongthe y-z plane. Alternatively, in the present example faces (416, 418)have different radii of curvature along the y-z plane. By way of exampleonly, the radius of curvature of face (416) along the y-z plane isbetween approximately 0.4 inches and approximately 0.6 inches; while theradius of curvature of face (418) along the y-z plane is betweenapproximately 0.25 inches and approximately 0.45 inches. In someversions, the curvature of eighth face (416) and/or ninth face (418)along the y-z plane varies along the width of face (416, 418). Asanother merely illustrative example, eighth face (416) and/or ninth face(418) may have a curvature along the y-z plane that is the same as thecurvature of a corresponding faces a conventional Cobb elevatorinstrument. Alternatively, any other suitable radius or radii ofcurvature may be used along the y-z plane. It should also be understoodthat faces (416, 418) may have different respective radii of curvaturealong the y-z plane.

D. Exemplary Ultrasonic Blade with Cobb Tip and Distal Serrations

FIGS. 38-46 show an exemplary alternative ultrasonic blade (500) andwaveguide (502) that may be readily incorporated into instrument (20,120). In particular, blade (500) and waveguide (502) may be mechanicallyand acoustically coupled with transducer (26, 126) in place of waveguide(28, 128) and blade (24, 132). In the present example, blade (500) andwaveguide (502) are configured such that a distal-most node (N) islocated just proximal to blade (500). It should be understood that thedistal-most node (N) corresponds to a node associated with resonantultrasonic vibrations communicated through waveguide (502) and blade(500). When blade (500) is activated with ultrasonic vibrations, thevibrational movement may be along the longitudinal axis (LA). Inaddition, the vibrational movement may be in an angular movement (arrow(596) in FIG. 43 ) along the x-z plane, about a pitch axis passingthrough the longitudinal axis (LA) at the distal-most node (N).Furthermore, the vibrational movement may be in an angular movement(arrow (598) in FIG. 40 ) along the x-y plane, about a yaw axis passingthrough the longitudinal axis (LA) at the distal-most node (N). Itshould therefore be understood that blade (500) may providenon-longitudinal modes of resonance. By way of example only, when blade(500) is activated to vibrate at an ultrasonic frequency, the ratio oflateral displacement of blade (500) from the longitudinal axis (LA) tothe longitudinal displacement of blade (500) along the longitudinal axis(LA) is between approximately 0.46 to approximately 0.55. Alternatively,any other suitable ratio disclosed herein (among other ratios) may beused.

Blade (500) of this example comprises a distally located and laterallypresented first face (512). First face (512) is partially bound by acurved distal edge (510). FIGS. 40-41 show the curvature of edge (510)along an x-y plane. By way of example only, the radius of curvature ofedges (510) along the x-y plane is between approximately 0.1 inches andapproximately 0.3 inches. As another merely illustrative example, thecurvature of edges (510, 514) along the x-y plane may be the same as thecurvature along the x-y plane in a distal edge of a conventional Cobbelevator instrument. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-y plane. It should also be understoodthat edges (510, 514) may have different respective radii of curvaturealong the x-y plane. As shown in FIG. 32 , distal edge (510) issubstantially flat along a y-z plane.

As also best seen in FIGS. 39 and 41-42 , distal edge (510) of thepresent example includes concave serrations (514), which may furtherassist in tissue dissection or separation as edge (510) is draggedagainst tissue. While serrations (514) comprise three recesses in thisexample, any other suitable number of recesses may be used. In addition,while serrations (514) are formed by arcuate concave recesses in thepresent example, serrations (514) may instead have a sawtoothconfiguration and/or any other suitable kind of configuration.

As best seen in FIG. 43 , first face (512) defines an angle (Θ₅) withthe longitudinal axis (LA) along the x-z plane. By way of example only,angle (Θ₅) may be between approximately 0 degrees and approximately 10degrees. As another merely illustrative example, first face (512) maydefine an angle (Θ₅) with the longitudinal axis (LA) that is the same asthe corresponding angle defined by a corresponding face of aconventional Cobb elevator instrument. Alternatively, any other suitablevalue may be used. It should also be understood that first face (512)need not necessarily be straight along the x-z plane, such that firstface (512) generally extends along angle (Θ₅). For instance, the centerof edge (510) may be located along a respective line that defines angle(Θ₅) with the longitudinal axis (LA), while an intermediate portion offirst face (512) bows outwardly in a convex configuration or inwardly ina concave configuration. First face (512) may also provide a convexconfiguration or a concave configuration along the y-z plane.Alternatively, first face (512) may be flat along the y-z plane.

In the present example, distal edge (510) is used to scrape tissue(e.g., muscle, tendon, ligament, periostium, etc.) from bone, and theradius of curvature of distal edge (510) is configured to prevent blade(500) from gouging bone while blade (500) performs such scraping. Suchscraping may include movement of blade (500) along the longitudinal axis(LA) defined by waveguide (502), in the y direction, in the z direction,in an angular movement (arrow (596) in FIG. 43 ) about a pitch axispassing through the longitudinal axis (LA), and/or in an angularmovement (arrow (598) in FIG. 40 ) about a yaw axis passing through thelongitudinal axis (LA). The pitch and/or yaw axes may be located at aposition along the longitudinal axis (LA) where the operator is grippingthe instrument. Other suitable scraping motions will be apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.Serrations (514) may further assist in such scraping operations bypromoting dissection of tissue. In some instances, blade (500) isultrasonically inactive during such scraping operations. In some otherinstances, blade (500) is activated during such scraping operations. Itshould also be understood that first face (512) may be used as acoagulation flat. In other words, when the operator encounters a bleederin tissue at the surgical site, first face (512) may be pressed againstthe bleeder while blade (500) is activated. This may coagulate or sealthe bleeder/tissue.

Blade (500) of the present example also includes a pair of lateral edges(520, 530) and another pair of lateral edges (522, 532). As best seen inFIG. 40 , edges (520, 530) are symmetric about the longitudinal axis(LA) of waveguide (502) in this example. In particular, edges (520, 530)each define convex curves and are oriented such that the distancebetween edges (520, 530) increases along the length of blade (500) inthe x direction. By way of example only, the radius of curvature foreach edge (520, 530) along the x-y plane may be between approximately0.050 inches and approximately 0.375 inches. Alternatively, any othersuitable curvature may be used. It should also be understood that edges(520, 530) need not necessarily be curved, such that edges (520, 530)may be substantially straight.

Edges (522, 532) are also symmetric about the longitudinal axis (LA) ofwaveguide (502) in this example. In particular, edges (522, 532) eachdefine convex curves and are oriented such that the distance betweenedges (522, 532) increases along the length of blade (500) in the xdirection. By way of example only, the radius of curvature for each edge(522, 532) along the x-y plane may be between approximately 0.10 inchesand approximately 0.25 inches. Alternatively, any other suitablecurvature may be used. It should also be understood that edges (522,532) need not necessarily be curved, such that edges (522, 532) may besubstantially straight. Edges (522, 532) may also have a sharpconfiguration along at least part of their length. Such sharpconfigurations may assist in tissue dissection, such as in the sidecutting motion referred to below.

As best seen in FIG. 43 , edge (520) is curved along the x-z plane. Itshould be understood that edge (530) may be similarly curved. By way ofexample only, edges (520, 530) may each have a radius of curvature alongthe x-z plane between approximately 0.4 inches and approximately 0.6inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius of curvature may beused along the x-z plane. It should also be understood that edges (520,530) may have different respective radii of curvature along the x-zplane. As also seen in FIG. 43 , edge (522) is also curved along the x-zplane. It should be understood that edge (532) may be similarly curved.By way of example only, edges (522, 532) may each have a radius ofcurvature along the x-z plane between approximately 0.3 inches andapproximately 0.6 inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-z plane. It should also be understoodthat edges (522, 532) may have different respective radii of curvaturealong the x-z plane. As also seen in FIG. 43 , the radius of curvaturefor edge (522) along the x-z plane is different from the radius ofcurvature of edge (520) along the x-z plane. In some other versions,edges (520, 522) may have the same radius of curvature along the x-zplane.

Edges (520, 522) partially bound a laterally presented second face(524); while edges (530, 532) partially bound a laterally presentedthird face (534). Faces (524, 534) are oriented obliquely and/or curvedalong the x-y plane (FIG. 40 ), along the x-z plane (FIG. 43 ), andalong the y-z plane (FIG. 44 ). Faces (524, 534) are on opposite sidesof blade (500) along the y axis. As best seen in FIG. 44 , and bycomparing FIG. 40 with FIG. 41 , faces (524, 534) are oriented upwardlyand outwardly. In some versions, faces (524, 534) are flat. In someother versions, faces (524, 534) are convex along the y-z plane. Instill other versions, faces (524, 534) are concave along the y-z plane.As yet another merely illustrative alternative, faces (524, 534) mayeach have at least one region that is convex along the y-z plane and atleast one region that is concave along the y-z plane; or some othercombination of convex, concave, and/or flat regions.

As best seen in FIGS. 40, 43, and 45 , blade (500) of this examplefurther includes a proximal convex edge (540) and an adjacent proximaledge (542), which together partially bound a convex fourth face (544).An intervening edge (580) extends continuously between proximal convexedge (540) and edge (520) described above. In some versions, interveningedge (580) is substantially straight in the x-y plane while edge (540)is curved in the x-y plane. In versions where edge (580) has a radius ofcurvature along the x-y plane, edge (540) has a radius of curvaturealong the x-y plane that is less than the radius of curvature of edge(580) along the x-y plane. The radius of curvature for edge (540) mayalso be less than, greater than, or equal to the radius of curvature ofedge (520) along the x-y plane. By way of example only, edge (540) mayhave a radius of curvature along the x-y plane between approximately0.050 inches and approximately 0.250 inches. Alternatively, any othersuitable radius of curvature may be used along the x-y plane. Anintervening face (584) extends continuously from fourth face (544) tosecond face (524). Intervening face (584) is partially bound byintervening edge (580) referred to above and another intervening edge(582), which extends continuously between edge (522) and edge (542).

Similarly, blade (500) includes a proximal convex edge (550) and anadjacent proximal edge (552), which together partially bound a convexfifth face (554). An intervening edge (590) extends continuously betweenproximal convex edge (550) and edge (530) described above. In someversions, intervening edge (590) is substantially straight in the x-yplane while edge (550) is curved in the x-y plane. In versions whereedge (590) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane, edge (550) hasa radius of curvature along the x-y plane that is less than the radiusof curvature of edge (590) along the x-y plane. The radius of curvaturefor edge (550) may also be less than, greater than, or equal to theradius of curvature of edge (530) along the x-y plane. By way of exampleonly, edge (550) may have a radius of curvature along the x-y planebetween approximately 0.050 inches and approximately 0.250 inches.Alternatively, any other suitable radius of curvature may be used alongthe x-y plane. An intervening face (594) extends continuously fromfourth face (554) to second face (534). Intervening face (594) ispartially bound by intervening edge (590) referred to above and anotherintervening edge (592), which extends continuously between edge (532)and edge (552).

Blade (500) of the present example further comprises a pair of distalrecess portions (560, 570) on opposite ends of distal edge (510). Recessportion (560) comprises a first concave edge (562) and a second concaveedge (564). The radius of curvature of edge (562) along the x-y planemay be less than, greater than, or equal to the radius of curvature ofedge (520) along the x-y plane. By way of example only, edge (562) mayhave a radius of curvature along the x-y plane between approximately0.01 inches and approximately 0.05 inches. Alternatively, any othersuitable radius of curvature may be used along the x-y plane. Similarly,the radius of curvature of edge (564) along the x-y plane may be lessthan, greater than, or equal to the radius of curvature of edge (522)along the x-y plane. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-y plane.

Edges (562, 564) distally converge with distal edge (510). Edges (562,564) also partially bound a distal recess face (566). Edge (562) extendscontinuously from edge (520). Edge (564) extends continuously from edge(522). Face (566) extends continuously from face (522). The combinationof faces (522, 544, 584, 564) is thus fully bound by edges (520, 562,564, 522, 582, 542, 540, 580).

Recess portion (570) comprises a first concave edge (572) and a secondconcave edge (574). The radius of curvature of edge (572) along the x-yplane may be less than, greater than, or equal to the radius ofcurvature of edge (530) along the x-y plane. By way of example only,edge (572) may have a radius of curvature along the x-y plane betweenapproximately 0.01 inches and approximately 0.05 inches. Alternatively,any other suitable radius of curvature may be used along the x-y plane.Similarly, the radius of curvature of edge (574) along the x-y plane maybe less than, greater than, or equal to the radius of curvature of edge(532) along the x-y plane. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-y plane.

Edges (572, 574) distally converge with distal edge (510). Edges (572,574) also partially bound a distal recess face (576). Edge (572) extendscontinuously from edge (530). Edge (574) extends continuously from edge(532). Face (576) extends continuously from face (532). The combinationof faces (532, 554, 594, 574) is thus fully bound by edges (530, 572,574, 532, 592, 552, 550, 590).

It should be understood that edges (520, 530, 522, 532, 540, 550, 562,564, 572, 574, 582, 592) may be used to perform side cutting of tissuewith blade (500). As one or more edges (520, 530, 522, 532, 540, 550,562, 564, 572, 574, 582, 592) cut tissue, the corresponding face (544,554) may assist in driving the tissue distally and outwardly away fromblade (500). It should also be understood that recess portions (560,570) may assist in cutting tissue that is distally located in relationto blade (500); and that faces (566, 576) may further drive cut tissuedistally and outwardly away from blade (500). By way of example only,with tissue positioned against any one or more of edges (520, 530, 522,532, 540, 550, 562, 564, 572, 574, 582, 592), blade (500) may be movedalong the y axis, along the z axis, in an angular movement (arrow (596)in FIG. 43 ) about a pitch axis passing through the longitudinal axis(LA), and/or in an angular movement (arrow (598) in FIG. 40 ) about ayaw axis passing through the longitudinal axis (LA). Other suitable sidecutting motions will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artin view of the teachings herein. The pitch and/or yaw axes may belocated at a position along the longitudinal axis (LA) where theoperator is gripping the instrument. In some instances, blade (500) isultrasonically inactive during such side cutting operations. In someother instances, blade (500) is activated during such side cuttingoperations.

Blade (500) of the present example also includes a laterally presented,concave eighth face (516) and a laterally presented, convex ninth face(518). As best seen in FIGS. 44-46 , faces (516, 518) are on oppositesides of blade (500) along the z axis. As can also be seen in FIGS. 39and 41-42 , the recesses forming serrations (514) in distal edge (510)also extend into face (518). The concavity of eighth face (516) isconfigured to allow tissue to gather within the recess provided byeighth face (516) as the tissue is scraped from bone by distal edge(510). Ninth face (518) is configured to provide a blunt camming surfaceto promote blunt dissection with blade (500). It should also beunderstood that ninth face (518) may be used to provide coagulation. Inother words, when the operator encounters a bleeder in tissue at thesurgical site, ninth face (518) may be pressed against the bleeder whileblade (500) is activated. This may coagulate or seal the bleeder/tissue.

In some versions, faces (516, 518) have the same radius of curvaturealong the x-z plane. Alternatively, in the present example faces (516,518) have different radii of curvature along the x-z plane. By way ofexample only, the radius of curvature of face (516) along the x-z planeis between approximately 0.4 inches and approximately 0.6 inches; whilethe radius of curvature of face (518) along the x-z plane is betweenapproximately 1.0 inches and approximately 2.0 inches. In some versions,the curvature of eighth face (516) and/or ninth face (518) along the x-zplane varies along the length of face (516, 518). As another merelyillustrative example, eighth face (516) and/or ninth face (518) may havea curvature along the x-z plane that is the same as the curvature of acorresponding faces a conventional Cobb elevator instrument.Alternatively, any other suitable radius or radii of curvature may beused along the x-z plane. It should also be understood that faces (516,518) may have different respective radii of curvature along the x-zplane.

Similarly, faces (516, 518) may have the same radius of curvature alongthe y-z plane. Alternatively, in the present example faces (516, 518)have different radii of curvature along the y-z plane. By way of exampleonly, the radius of curvature of face (516) along the y-z plane isbetween approximately 0.4 inches and approximately 0.6 inches; while theradius of curvature of face (518) along the y-z plane is betweenapproximately 0.25 inches and approximately 0.45 inches. In someversions, the curvature of eighth face (516) and/or ninth face (518)along the y-z plane varies along the width of face (516, 518). Asanother merely illustrative example, eighth face (516) and/or ninth face(518) may have a curvature along the y-z plane that is the same as thecurvature of a corresponding faces a conventional Cobb elevatorinstrument. Alternatively, any other suitable radius or radii ofcurvature may be used along the y-z plane. It should also be understoodthat faces (516, 518) may have different respective radii of curvaturealong the y-z plane.

E. Exemplary Ultrasonic Blade with Cobb Tip and Upper and Lower ProximalRecesses

FIGS. 47-55 show an exemplary alternative ultrasonic blade (600) andwaveguide (602) that may be readily incorporated into instrument (20,120). In particular, blade (600) and waveguide (602) may be mechanicallyand acoustically coupled with transducer (26, 126) in place of waveguide(28, 128) and blade (24, 132). Waveguide (602) includes a flat (606)that is configured and positioned to provide appropriate acoustic tuningof blade (600). In the present example, blade (600) and waveguide (602)are configured such that a distal-most node (N) is located just proximalto blade (600). It should be understood that the distal-most node (N)corresponds to a node associated with resonant ultrasonic vibrationscommunicated through waveguide (602) and blade (600). When blade (600)is activated with ultrasonic vibrations, the vibrational movement may bealong the longitudinal axis (LA). In addition, the vibrational movementmay be in an angular movement (arrow (690) in FIG. 52 ) along the x-zplane, about a pitch axis passing through the longitudinal axis (LA) atthe distal-most node (N). Furthermore, the vibrational movement may bein an angular movement (arrow (692) in FIG. 49 ) along the x-y plane,about a yaw axis passing through the longitudinal axis (LA) at thedistal-most node (N). It should therefore be understood that blade (600)may provide non-longitudinal modes of resonance. By way of example only,when blade (600) is activated to vibrate at an ultrasonic frequency, theratio of lateral displacement of blade (600) from the longitudinal axis(LA) to the longitudinal displacement of blade (600) along thelongitudinal axis (LA) is between approximately 0.60 to approximately0.65. Alternatively, any other suitable ratio disclosed herein (amongother ratios) may be used.

Blade (600) of this example comprises a distally located and laterallypresented first face (612). First face (612) is partially bound by acurved distal edge (610) and a curved proximal edge (614). FIGS. 49-50show the curvature of edges (610, 614) along an x-y plane. In someversions, edges (610, 614) have the same radius of curvature along thex-y plane. Alternatively, in the present example edges (610, 614) havedifferent radii of curvature along the x-y plane. By way of exampleonly, the radius of curvature of edge (610) along the x-y plane isbetween approximately 0.10 inches and approximately 0.25 inches; whilethe radius of curvature of edge (614) along the x-y plane is betweenapproximately 0.180 inches and approximately 0.300 inches. As anothermerely illustrative example, the curvature of edges (610, 614) along thex-y plane may be the same as the curvature along the x-y plane in adistal edge of a conventional Cobb elevator instrument. Alternatively,any other suitable radius of curvature may be used along the x-y plane.It should also be understood that edges (610, 614) may have differentrespective radii of curvature along the x-y plane.

FIG. 51 shows the profile of distal edge (610) along a y-z plane. In thepresent example, distal edge (610) is flat along the y-z plane. In someother versions distal edge (610) has a non-zero radius of curvaturealong the y-z plane. Proximal edge (614), distal edge (610), and/orfirst face (612) may have the same radius of curvature along the y-zplane. Alternatively, any other suitable radius of curvature may be usedalong the y-z plane, including wherein first face (612) is convex withrespect to the y-z plane. It should also be understood that edges (610,614) and first face (612) may be flat along the y-z plane.

As best seen in FIG. 52 , first face (612) defines an angle (Θ₇) withthe longitudinal axis (LA) along the x-z plane. By way of example only,angle (Θ₇) may be between approximately 0 degrees and approximately 10degrees. As another merely illustrative example, first face (612) maydefine an angle (Θ₇) with the longitudinal axis (LA) that is the same asthe corresponding angle defined by a corresponding face of aconventional Cobb elevator instrument. Alternatively, any other suitablevalue may be used. It should also be understood that first face (612)need not necessarily be straight along the x-z plane, such that firstface (612) generally extends along angle (Θ₇). For instance, the centerof each edge (610, 614) may be located along a respective line thatdefines angle (Θ₇) with the longitudinal axis (LA), while anintermediate portion of first face (612) bows outwardly in a convexconfiguration or inwardly in a concave configuration. First face (612)may also provide a convex configuration or a concave configuration alongthe y-z plane. Alternatively, first face (612) may be flat along the y-zplane.

In the present example, distal edge (610) is used to scrape tissue(e.g., muscle, tendon, ligament, periostium, etc.) from bone, and theradius of curvature of distal edge (610) is configured to prevent blade(600) from gouging bone while blade (600) performs such scraping. Suchscraping may include movement of blade (600) along the longitudinal axis(LA) defined by waveguide (602), in the y direction, in the z direction,in an angular movement (arrow (690) in FIG. 52 ) about a pitch axispassing through the longitudinal axis (LA), and/or in an angularmovement (arrow (692) in FIG. 49 ) about a yaw axis passing through thelongitudinal axis (LA). The pitch and/or yaw axes may be located at aposition along the longitudinal axis (LA) where the operator is grippingthe instrument. Other suitable scraping motions will be apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein. Insome instances, blade (600) is ultrasonically inactive during suchscraping operations. In some other instances, blade (600) is activatedduring such scraping operations. It should also be understood that firstface (612) may be used as a coagulation flat. In other words, when theoperator encounters a bleeder in tissue at the surgical site, first face(612) may be pressed against the bleeder while blade (600) is activated.This may coagulate or seal the bleeder/tissue.

Blade (600) of the present example also includes a pair of lateral edges(620, 630) extending proximally from edge (614) and another pair oflateral edges (622, 632) extending proximally from edge (610). As bestseen in FIG. 49 , edges (622, 632) are symmetric about the longitudinalaxis (LA) of waveguide (602) in this example. In particular, edges (622,632) each define the same angle (Θ₆) with the longitudinal axis (LA)along the x-y plane and are oriented such that the distance betweenedges (622, 632) increases along the length of blade (600) in the xdirection. By way of example only, angle (Θ₆) may be betweenapproximately 15 degrees and approximately 25 degrees. Alternatively,any other suitable value may be used. It should also be understood thatedges (622, 632) need not necessarily be straight, such that edges (622,632) generally extend along angle (Θ₆). For instance, the distal andproximal end of each edge (622, 632) may be located along a respectiveline that defines angle (Θ₆) with the longitudinal axis (LA), while anintermediate portion of each edge (622, 632) bows outwardly in a convexconfiguration or inwardly in a concave configuration along the x-yplane.

Edges (620, 630) are also symmetric about the longitudinal axis (LA) ofwaveguide (602) in this example. In particular, edges (620, 630) eachdefine the same angle with the longitudinal axis (LA) along the x-yplane and are oriented such that the distance between edges (620, 630)increases along the length of blade (600) in the x direction. By way ofexample only, the angle defined between each edge (620, 630) and thelongitudinal axis (LA) along the x-y plane may be between approximately20 degrees and approximately 30 degrees. Alternatively, any othersuitable value may be used. It should also be understood that edges(620, 630) need not necessarily be straight. For instance, the distaland proximal end of each edge (620, 630) may be located along arespective line that defines an angle with the longitudinal axis (LA),while an intermediate portion of each edge (620, 630) bows outwardly ina convex configuration or inwardly in a concave configuration along thex-y plane.

Edges (620, 622) partially bound a laterally presented second face(624); while edges (630, 632) partially bound a laterally presentedthird face (634). Faces (624, 634) are on opposite sides of blade (600)along the y axis. Faces (624, 634) are oriented obliquely and/or curvedalong the x-y plane (FIG. 49 ), along the x-z plane (FIG. 52 ), andalong the y-z plane (FIG. 53 ). Edges (620, 622) distally converge atone end of distal edge (610); while edges (630, 632) distally convergeat the other end of distal edge (610). Edges (610, 614) also convergeand terminate at the same positions where edges (620, 622) converge andterminate and where edges (630, 632) converge and terminate. First face(612) is thus partially bound by edges (610, 614) with respect to theupper and lower orientations, partially bound by edge (620) proximateone end of distal edge (610), and partially bound by edge (630)proximate the other end of distal edge (610). As best seen in FIG. 53 ,and by comparing FIG. 49 with FIG. 50 , faces (624, 634) are orientedupwardly and outwardly. In some versions, faces (624, 634) are flat. Insome other versions, faces (624, 634) are convex along the y-z plane. Instill other versions, faces (624, 634) are concave along the y-z plane.As yet another merely illustrative alternative, faces (624, 634) mayeach have at least one region that is convex along the y-z plane and atleast one region that is concave along the y-z plane; or some othercombination of convex, concave, and/or flat regions.

As best seen in FIGS. 49, 52, and 54 , blade (600) of this examplefurther includes a proximal convex edge (640) and an adjacent proximaledge (642), which together partially bound a convex fourth face (644).Proximal convex edge (640) extends continuously from edge (620)described above. In some versions, edge (620) is substantially straightin the x-y plane while edge (640) is curved in the x-y plane. Inversions where edge (620) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane,edge (640) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane that is lessthan the radius of curvature of edge (620) along the x-y plane. By wayof example only, edge (640) may have a radius of curvature along the x-yplane between approximately 0.01 inches and approximately 0.10 inches.Alternatively, any other suitable radius of curvature may be used alongthe x-y plane. Fourth face (644) extends continuously from second face(624). The combination of faces (624, 644) is thus fully bound by edges(620, 622, 642, 640).

Similarly, blade (600) includes a proximal convex edge (650) and anadjacent proximal edge (652), which together partially bound a convexfifth face (654). Proximal convex edge (650) extends continuously fromedge (630) described above. In some versions, edge (620) issubstantially straight in the x-y plane while edge (650) is curved inthe x-y plane. In versions where edge (630) has a radius of curvaturealong the x-y plane, edge (650) has a radius of curvature along the x-yplane that is less than the radius of curvature of edge (630) along thex-y plane. By way of example only, edge (650) may have a radius ofcurvature along the x-y plane between approximately 0.01 inches andapproximately 0.10 inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius ofcurvature may be used along the x-y plane. Fourth face (654) extendscontinuously from second face (632). The combination of faces (632, 654)is thus fully bound by edges (630, 632, 652, 650).

As best seen in FIGS. 48, 50, 52, and 54 , the underside of blade (600)includes a pair of lateral edges (660, 670), which are symmetric aboutthe longitudinal axis (LA) of waveguide (602) in this example. Inparticular, edges (660, 670) each define the same angle with thelongitudinal axis (LA) along the x-y plane and are oriented such thatthe distance between edges (660, 670) increases along the length ofblade (600) in the x direction. By way of example only, the angledefined between each edge (660, 670) and the longitudinal axis (LA)along the x-y plane may be between approximately 30 degrees andapproximately 60 degrees. In some instances, the angle of edges (660,670) is the same as the angle of edges (620, 630). Alternatively, anyother suitable value may be used. It should also be understood thatedges (660, 670) need not necessarily be straight. For instance, thedistal and proximal end of each edge (660, 670) may be located along arespective line that defines an angle with the longitudinal axis (LA),while an intermediate portion of each edge (660, 670) bows outwardly ina convex configuration or inwardly in a concave configuration along thex-y plane.

Edges (660, 622) partially bound a laterally presented sixth face (664);while edges (670, 632) partially bound a laterally presented seventhface (674). Faces (664, 674) are on opposite sides of blade (600) alongthe y axis. Edges (660, 622) distally converge at one end of distal edge(610); while edges (670, 632) distally converge at the other end ofdistal edge (610). As best seen in FIGS. 48 and 53 , faces (664, 674)are oriented downwardly and outwardly. In some versions, faces (664,674) are flat. In some other versions, faces (664, 674) are convex alongthe y-z plane. In still other versions, faces (664, 674) are concavealong the y-z plane. As yet another merely illustrative alternative,faces (664, 674) may each have at least one region that is convex alongthe y-z plane and at least one region that is concave along the y-zplane; or some other combination of convex, concave, and/or flatregions.

As also seen in FIGS. 48, 50, 52, and 54 , the underside of blade (600)further includes a proximal convex edge (680) and an adjacent proximaledge (682). A transition edge (646) extends between edge (682) and edge(622). As best seen in FIGS. 53-54 , edges (622, 646) are substantiallysharp. Proximal convex edge (680) extends continuously from edge (660)described above. Edges (680, 682, 646) together partially bound a convexeighth face (684). In some versions, edge (660) is substantiallystraight in the x-y plane while edge (680) is curved in the x-y plane.In versions where edge (660) has a radius of curvature along the x-yplane, edge (680) has a radius of curvature along the x-y plane that isless than the radius of curvature of edge (660) along the x-y plane. Byway of example only, edge (680) may have a radius of curvature along thex-y plane between approximately 0.020 inches and approximately 0.080inches. Alternatively, any other suitable radius of curvature may beused along the x-y plane. Eighth face (684) extends continuously fromsixth face (664). The combination of faces (664, 684) is thus fullybound by edges (622, 660, 680, 682, 646).

Similarly, the underside of blade (600) includes a proximal convex edge(690) and an adjacent proximal edge (692). A transition edge (656)extends between edge (692) and edge (632). As best seen in FIGS. 53-54 ,edges (632, 656) are substantially sharp. Proximal convex edge (690)extends continuously from edge (670) described above. Edges (690, 692,656) together partially bound a convex ninth face (694). In someversions, edge (660) is substantially straight in the x-y plane whileedge (690) is curved in the x-y plane. In versions where edge (670) hasa radius of curvature along the x-y plane, edge (690) has a radius ofcurvature along the x-y plane that is less than the radius of curvatureof edge (670) along the x-y plane. By way of example only, edge (690)may have a radius of curvature along the x-y plane between approximately0.020 inches and approximately 0.080 inches. Alternatively, any othersuitable radius of curvature may be used along the x-y plane. Ninth face(694) extends continuously from seventh face (674). The combination offaces (674, 694) is thus fully bound by edges (632, 670, 690, 692, 656).

It should be understood that edges (620, 630, 622, 632, 640, 646, 650,656) may be used to perform side cutting of tissue with blade (600). Asone or more edges (620, 630, 622, 632, 640, 646, 650, 656) cut tissue,the corresponding face (644, 654, 684, 694) may assist in driving thetissue distally and outwardly away from blade (600). For instance, withtissue positioned against any one or more of edges (620, 630, 622, 632,640, 646, 650, 656), blade (600) may be moved along the y axis, alongthe z axis, in an angular movement (arrow (690) in FIG. 52 ) about apitch axis passing through the longitudinal axis (LA), and/or in anangular movement (arrow (692) in FIG. 49 ) about a yaw axis passingthrough the longitudinal axis (LA). Other suitable side cutting motionswill be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of theteachings herein. The pitch and/or yaw axes may be located at a positionalong the longitudinal axis (LA) where the operator is gripping theinstrument. In some instances, blade (600) is ultrasonically inactiveduring such side cutting operations. In some other instances, blade(600) is activated during such side cutting operations.

Blade (600) of the present example also includes a laterally presented,concave tenth face (616) and a laterally presented, convex eleventh face(616). As best seen in FIGS. 53-55 , faces (616, 618) are on oppositesides of blade (600) along the z axis. The concavity of tenth face (616)is configured to allow tissue to gather within the recess provided bytenth face (616) as the tissue is scraped from bone by distal edge(610), eleventh face (616) is configured to provide a blunt cammingsurface to promote blunt dissection with blade (600). It should also beunderstood that eleventh face (616) may be used to provide coagulation.In other words, when the operator encounters a bleeder in tissue at thesurgical site, eleventh face (616) may be pressed against the bleederwhile blade (600) is activated. This may coagulate or seal thebleeder/tissue.

In some versions, faces (616, 618) have the same radius of curvaturealong the x-z plane. Alternatively, in the present example faces (616,618) have different radii of curvature along the x-z plane. By way ofexample only, the radius of curvature of face (616) along the x-z planeis between approximately 0.40 inches and approximately 0.60 inches;while the radius of curvature of face (618) along the x-z plane isbetween approximately 1.0 inches and approximately 1.5 inches. In someversions, the curvature of tenth face (616) and/or eleventh face (616)along the x-z plane varies along the length of face (616, 618). Asanother merely illustrative example, tenth face (616) and/or eleventhface (616) may have a curvature along the x-z plane that is the same asthe curvature of a corresponding faces a conventional Cobb elevatorinstrument. Alternatively, any other suitable radius or radii ofcurvature may be used along the x-z plane. It should also be understoodthat faces (616, 618) may have different respective radii of curvaturealong the x-z plane.

Similarly, faces (616, 618) may have the same radius of curvature alongthe y-z plane. Alternatively, in the present example faces (616, 618)have different radii of curvature along the y-z plane. By way of exampleonly, the radius of curvature of face (616) along the y-z plane isbetween approximately 0.40 inches and approximately 0.60 inches; whilethe radius of curvature of face (618) along the y-z plane is betweenapproximately 0.25 inches and approximately 0.45 inches. In someversions, the curvature of tenth face (616) and/or eleventh face (618)along the y-z plane varies along the width of face (616, 618). Asanother merely illustrative example, tenth face (616) and/or eleventhface (618) may have a curvature along the y-z plane that is the same asthe curvature of a corresponding faces a conventional Cobb elevatorinstrument. Alternatively, any other suitable radius or radii ofcurvature may be used along the y-z plane, including wherein face (616)extends from edge (620) to edge (630) and is concave with respect to they-z plane. It should also be understood that faces (616, 618) may havedifferent respective radii of curvature along the y-z plane.

F. Exemplary Ultrasonic Blade with Lateral Scallop Features

FIGS. 56-58 show an exemplary alternative ultrasonic blade (700) andwaveguide (702) that may be readily incorporated into instrument (20,120). In particular, blade (700) and waveguide (702) may be mechanicallyand acoustically coupled with transducer (26, 126) in place of waveguide(28, 128) and blade (24, 132). Blade (700) of this example comprises acurved distal edge (710). As best seen in FIG. 57 , distal edge (710)substantially sharp in this example, though it should be understood thatdistal edge (710) may alternatively be blunt. Distal edge (710) may beused to scrape tissue (e.g., muscle, tendon, ligament, periostium, etc.)from bone. In some versions, distal edge (717) is configured to avoidgouging the bone during such scraping. Various suitable scraping motionswill be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of theteachings herein. In some instances, blade (700) is ultrasonicallyinactive during such scraping operations. In some other instances, blade(700) is activated during such scraping operations.

Distal edge (710) proximally terminates at a pair of laterally orientedscallops (720, 730). Each scallop (720, 730) is defined by an inwardlydirected concave edge (722, 732). Each concave edge (722, 732) isgenerally sharp in the present example. It should be understood thatedges (722, 732) may be used to perform side cutting of tissue withblade (700). By way of example only, scallops (720, 730) mayparticularly facilitate cutting of tough tissues such as tendons,ligaments, etc. Various suitable side cutting motions will be apparentto those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.In some instances, blade (700) is ultrasonically inactive during suchside cutting operations. In some other instances, blade (700) isactivated during such side cutting operations. A pair of convex edges(740, 750) extend proximally from respective concave edges (720, 730).It should be understood that each edge (710, 722, 732, 740, 750) mayhave any suitable radius of curvature. Various suitable radii ofcurvature will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in viewof the teachings herein.

As best seen in FIGS. 57-58 , blade (700) of this example furtherincludes a concave inner surface (716) and a convex outer surface (718).Each surface (716, 718) may have any suitable radius of curvature.Various suitable radii of curvature will be apparent to those ofordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein. The concavityof inner surface (716) is configured to allow tissue to gather withinthe recess provided by inner surface (716) as the tissue is beingscraped from bone by distal edge (710). Outer surface (718) isconfigured to provide a blunt camming surface to promote bluntdissection with blade (700). It should also be understood that outersurface (718) may be used to provide coagulation. In other words, whenthe operator encounters a bleeder in tissue at the surgical site, outersurface (718) may be pressed against the bleeder while blade (700) isactivated. This may coagulate or seal the bleeder/tissue.

IV. MISCELLANEOUS

It should be understood that any of the versions of instrumentsdescribed herein may include various other features in addition to or inlieu of those described above. By way of example only, any of theinstruments described herein may also include one or more of the variousfeatures disclosed in any of the various references that areincorporated by reference herein. It should also be understood that theteachings herein may be readily applied to any of the instrumentsdescribed in any of the other references cited herein, such that theteachings herein may be readily combined with the teachings of any ofthe references cited herein in numerous ways. Other types of instrumentsinto which the teachings herein may be incorporated will be apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art.

It should also be understood that any ranges of values referred toherein should be read to include the upper and lower boundaries of suchranges. For instance, a range expressed as ranging “betweenapproximately 1.0 inches and approximately 1.5 inches” should be read toinclude approximately 1.0 inches and approximately 1.5 inches, inaddition to including the values between those upper and lowerboundaries.

It should be appreciated that any patent, publication, or otherdisclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said to beincorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to theextent that the incorporated material does not conflict with existingdefinitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in thisdisclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure asexplicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting materialincorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, thatis said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts withexisting definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forthherein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arisesbetween that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.

Versions of the devices described above may have application inconventional medical treatments and procedures conducted by a medicalprofessional, as well as application in robotic-assisted medicaltreatments and procedures. By way of example only, various teachingsherein may be readily incorporated into a robotic surgical system suchas the DAVINCI™ system by Intuitive Surgical, Inc., of Sunnyvale, Calif.Similarly, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize thatvarious teachings herein may be readily combined with various teachingsof U.S. Pat. No. 6,783,524, entitled “Robotic Surgical Tool withUltrasound Cauterizing and Cutting Instrument,” published Aug. 31, 2004,the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

Versions described above may be designed to be disposed of after asingle use, or they can be designed to be used multiple times. Versionsmay, in either or both cases, be reconditioned for reuse after at leastone use. Reconditioning may include any combination of the steps ofdisassembly of the device, followed by cleaning or replacement ofparticular pieces, and subsequent reassembly. In particular, someversions of the device may be disassembled, and any number of theparticular pieces or parts of the device may be selectively replaced orremoved in any combination. Upon cleaning and/or replacement ofparticular parts, some versions of the device may be reassembled forsubsequent use either at a reconditioning facility, or by an operatorimmediately prior to a procedure. Those skilled in the art willappreciate that reconditioning of a device may utilize a variety oftechniques for disassembly, cleaning/replacement, and reassembly. Use ofsuch techniques, and the resulting reconditioned device, are all withinthe scope of the present application.

By way of example only, versions described herein may be sterilizedbefore and/or after a procedure. In one sterilization technique, thedevice is placed in a closed and sealed container, such as a plastic orTYVEK bag. The container and device may then be placed in a field ofradiation that can penetrate the container, such as gamma radiation,x-rays, or high-energy electrons. The radiation may kill bacteria on thedevice and in the container. The sterilized device may then be stored inthe sterile container for later use. A device may also be sterilizedusing any other technique known in the art, including but not limited tobeta or gamma radiation, ethylene oxide, or steam.

Having shown and described various embodiments of the present invention,further adaptations of the methods and systems described herein may beaccomplished by appropriate modifications by one of ordinary skill inthe art without departing from the scope of the present invention.Several of such potential modifications have been mentioned, and otherswill be apparent to those skilled in the art. For instance, theexamples, embodiments, geometrics, materials, dimensions, ratios, steps,and the like discussed above are illustrative and are not required.Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be considered interms of the following claims and is understood not to be limited to thedetails of structure and operation shown and described in thespecification and drawings.

We claim:
 1. An ultrasonic instrument comprising: (a) an acousticwaveguide configured to be placed in acoustic communication with anultrasonic transducer, wherein the acoustic waveguide defines alongitudinal axis; and (b) an ultrasonic blade in acoustic communicationwith the acoustic waveguide such that the acoustic waveguide is operableto communicate ultrasonic vibrations from the ultrasonic transducer tothe ultrasonic blade, wherein the ultrasonic blade comprises: (i) aconcave surface terminating distally into a first distal edge, whereinthe concave surface is located above the longitudinal axis and faces adirection extending above the longitudinal axis, (ii) a convex surfaceterminating distally into a second distal edge, wherein the seconddistal edge extends distally past the first distal edge, and (iii) afirst surface extending between the first distal edge and the seconddistal edge, wherein the first surface extends away from thelongitudinal axis in a distal direction from the first distal edgetowards the second distal edge.
 2. The ultrasonic instrument of claim 1,wherein the acoustic waveguide further includes a flat configured toprovide appropriate acoustic tuning of the ultrasonic blade.
 3. Theultrasonic instrument of claim 1, wherein the first distal edgecomprises a first curved profile along a first plane extending parallelto the longitudinal axis.
 4. The ultrasonic instrument of claim 3,wherein the first distal edge comprises a second curved profile along asecond plane coextensively extending along the longitudinal axis,wherein the second plane is perpendicular with the first plane.
 5. Theultrasonic instrument of claim 4, wherein the second distal edgecomprises a third curved profile along a third plane extending parallelto the first plane.
 6. The ultrasonic instrument of claim 5, wherein thesecond distal edge comprises a fourth curved profile along the secondplane.
 7. The ultrasonic instrument of claim 6, wherein the first curvedprofile and the third curved profile each have a first radius ofcurvature along the first plane.
 8. The ultrasonic instrument of claim6, wherein the first curved profile has a first radius of curvature,wherein the third curved profile has a second radius of curvature,wherein the first radius of curvature and the second radius of curvatureare different.
 9. The ultrasonic instrument of claim 6, wherein thefirst surface extends in a convex configuration.
 10. The ultrasonicinstrument of claim 6, wherein the first surface extends in a concaveconfiguration.
 11. The ultrasonic instrument of claim 6, wherein theultrasonic blade further comprises a first lateral edge extendingproximally from a terminal end of the first surface.
 12. The ultrasonicinstrument of claim 11, wherein the ultrasonic blade further comprises asecond lateral edge extending proximally from the terminal end of thefirst surface.
 13. The ultrasonic instrument of claim 12, wherein thefirst lateral edge and the second lateral edge extending proximally fromthe terminal end of the first surface toward the longitudinal axis. 14.The ultrasonic instrument of claim 13, wherein the first lateral edgeand the second lateral edge define a second surface.
 15. The ultrasonicinstrument of claim 14, wherein the second surface comprises a convexprofile.
 16. The ultrasonic instrument of claim 1, wherein a proximalportion of the convex surface extends below a plane extending parallelwith the longitudinal axis, wherein a distal portion of the convexsurface extends above the plane.
 17. The ultrasonic instrument of claim16, wherein an entirety of the concave surface extends above the plane.18. An ultrasonic instrument comprising: (a) an acoustic waveguidedefining a longitudinal axis; and (b) an ultrasonic blade in acousticcommunication with the acoustic waveguide such that the acousticwaveguide is operable to communicate ultrasonic vibrations to theultrasonic blade, wherein the ultrasonic blade comprises: (i) a concavesurface terminating distally into a first curved distal edge, (ii) aconvex surface terminating distally into a second curved distal edge,wherein the second curved distal edge extends distally past the firstcurved distal edge, (iii) a first surface extending between the firstcurved distal edge and the second curved distal edge, wherein the firstsurface extends away from the longitudinal axis in a distal directionfrom the first curved distal edge towards the second curved distal edge,wherein the first surface faces in a direction extending away from thelongitudinal axis, and (iv) a pair of lateral edges terminating into arespective end of the first surface, wherein the pair of lateral edgesextend away from the longitudinal axis in the distal direction.
 19. Anultrasonic instrument comprising: (a) an acoustic waveguide defining alongitudinal axis; and (b) an ultrasonic blade in acoustic communicationwith the acoustic waveguide such that the acoustic waveguide is operableto communicate ultrasonic vibrations to the ultrasonic blade, whereinthe ultrasonic blade comprises: (i) a concave surface terminatingdistally into a first curved distal edge, (ii) a convex surfaceterminating distally into a second curved distal edge, wherein thesecond curved distal edge extends distally past the first curved distaledge, (iii) a first surface extending between the first curved distaledge and the second curved distal edge, wherein the first surfaceextends away from the longitudinal axis in a distal direction from thefirst curved distal edge towards the second curved distal edge, whereinthe first surface faces in a direction extending away from thelongitudinal axis, and (iv) a pair of lateral edges terminating into arespective end of the first surface, wherein the pair of lateral edgesextend away from the longitudinal axis in the distal direction, whereinthe pair of lateral edges are obliquely oriented relative to a firstplane and a second plane, wherein the first plane and the second planecoextensively extend along the longitudinal axis, wherein the firstplane and the second plane are perpendicular with each other.